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1 ἀριθμός
ἀριθμός [ᾰ], (Aἁρ- IG1.164
), ὁ, number, first in Od.,λέκτο δ' ἀριθμόν 4.451
;ἀριθμῷ παῦρα Semon.3
;ἓν ἀριθμῷ Hdt.3.6
;ἀριθμὸν ἕξ Id.1.14
, cf. 50;ἐς τὸν ἀ. τρισχίλια Id.7.97
; πλῆθος ἐς ἀ. the amount in point of number, ib.60;τὸν ἀ. δώδεκα Euphro11.11
;δύο τινὲς ἢ τρεῖς.. εἰς τὸν ἀ. Men.165
;ἔλαττον μήτε ὄγκῳ μήτε ἀριθμῷ Pl.Tht. 155a
; ;σταθμῷ καὶ ἀ. X. Smp.4.45
;δι' ἀ. καὶ μέτρου Plu.Per.16
, cf. E.Tr. 620: prov., λέγειν ποντιᾶν ψάφων ἀριθμόν 'count the pebbles on the shore', Pi.O.13.46, cf. 2.98; οὐ γιγνώσκων ψήφων ἀριθμούς, of a blockhead, Ephipp. 19;οὔτ' ἀριθμὸν οὔτ' ἔλεγχον.. ἔχων Dionys.Com.3.13
.2 amount, sum,πολὺς ἀ. χρόνου Aeschin.1.78
;ἀ. τῆς ὁδοῦ X.An.2.2.6
; ἀ. [χρυσίου] a sum of money, Id.Cyr.8.2.16.3 ἀριθμῷ, abs., in certain numbers, Hdt.6.58; but by tale,Th.
2.72;ἀ. διδόναι Dionys.Com.3.6
.4 item or term in a series, ;τρίτον ὠδίνων ἀ. Epigr.Gr.574
;ναῦς πολλοὺς ἀ. ἄγνυται ναυαγίων E.Hel. 410
, cf. Arist.Po. 1461b24; τοὺς ἀ. τοῦ σώματος points of the body, Pl.Lg. 668d;τοὺς ἀ. ἑκάστου τῶν νοσημάτων Hp.Acut. 3
;τὸ καλὸν ἐκ πολλῶν ἀ. ἐπιτελεῖσθαι Plu.2.45c
: hence as a mark of completeness,πάντας τοὺς ἀ. περιλαβών Isoc.11.16
; τοῦ καθήκοντος τοὺς ἀριθμούς the sum total of duty, M.Ant.3.1.5 number, account, as a mark of station, worth, rank, μετ' ἀνδρῶν ἵζει ἀριθμῷ takes his place among men, Od.11.449;εἰς ἀνδρῶν μὲν οὐ τελοῦσιν ἀ. E.Fr. 492
;εἰς ἀ. τῶν κακῶν πεφύκαμεν Id.Hec. 1186
; ξενίας ἀριθμῷ πρῶτ' ἔχειν ἐμῶν φίλων in regard of friendship, ib. 794; δειλοὶ γὰρ ἄνδρες οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἐν μάχῃ ἀριθμόν have no account made of them, Id.Fr. 519; οὐδ' εἰς ἀ. ἥκει λόγων she comes not into my account, Id.El. 1054;ἀ. οὐδεὶς οὐδὲ λόγος ἐστί τινος Plu.2.682f
, cf. Call.Epigr.27.6, Orac. ap. Sch.Theoc.14.48.6 mere number, quantity, opp. quality, ταῦτ' οὐκ ἀ. ἐστιν, ὦ πάτερ, λόγων a mere set of words, S.OC 382; of men, οὐκ ἀ. ἄλλως not a mere lot, E.Tr. 476;ἀριθμός, πρόβατ' ἄλλως Ar. Nu. 1203
; sometimes even of a single man, οὐκ ἀριθμὸν ἀλλ' ἐτητύμως ἄνδρ' ὄντα not a mere unit, E.Heracl. 997; also ἀριθμὸν πληροῦν to be a mere cipher, Chor.Milt.66.II numbering, counting, μάσσων ἀριθμοῦ past counting, Pi.N.2.23; esp. in phrases, ἀ. ποιεῖσθαι τῶν νεῶν to hold a muster of.., Hdt.8.7;ποιεῖν X.An.7.1.7
, etc.; παρεῖναι εἰς τὸν ἀ. ib.II; εἴ τι δυνατὸν ἐς ἀ. ἐλθεῖν can be stated in numbers, Th.2.72.III the science of numbers, arithmetic,ἀριθμόν, ἔξοχον σοφισμάτων A.Pr. 459
; ;ἀ. καὶ λογισμὸν εὑρεῖν Pl.Phdr. 274c
, cf. R. 522c: prov.,εἴπερ γὰρ ἀριθμὸν οἶδα E.Fr.360.19
.IV in Philos., abstract number, Arist.Cat. 4b23, Metaph. 990a19, al.; ἀ. μαθηματικός ib. 1090b35; ἀ. οὐσιώδης, opp. τοῦ ποσοῦ, Plot.5.5.4; ἀ. ἑνιαῖος, οὐσιώδης, ἑτεροῖος, Dam.Pr. 228.V Gramm., number, Stoic.3.214, D.T.634.16, A.D.Synt.32.2,al.; cf. ἑνικός, δυικός, πληθυντικός.X sum of numerical values of letters in a name, Apoc.13.17,al.; φιλῶ ἧς ἀριθμὸς φμέ Pompeian Inscr. in Rend.Linc.10(1901).257.XI unit of troops, = Lat. numerus, CIG 5187 (vi A. D.), BGU 673 (vi A. D.), etc.; = legio, Jul.ad Ath.280d, Zos.5.26, PLond. 5.1711.69 (vi A. D.).XII Astrol., mostly in pl., degrees traversed in a given time, Ptol.Tetr. 112, Doroth. in Cat.Cod.Astr.6.107.30; τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀ. at her normal speed, of the moon, Gal.19.531; also of degrees of latitude, Heph.Astr.2.8,3.1.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀριθμός
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2 numerus
I.Lit.A.In gen.:B.illi octo cursus septem efficiunt distinctos intervallis sonos: qui numerus rerum omnium fere nodus est,
Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 18; cf. Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 6:duo hi numeri,
Cic. Rep. 6, 12, 12:consummare perfectissimum numerum, quem novem novies multiplicata componunt,
Sen. Ep. 58:numerumque referri Jussit,
that their number should be counted, Verg. E. 6, 85; cf.: numerus argenteorum facilior usui est, the counting, reckoning. Tac. G. 5 fin.: sed neque quam multae species, nec nomina quae sint Est numerus;neque enim numero conprendere refert,
cannot be counted, Verg. G. 2, 104:eorumque nummorum vis et potestas non in numero erat, sed in pondere,
Gai. Inst. 1, 122.—In partic.1.A certain collective quantity, a body, number of persons or things: tunc deinceps proximi cujusque collegii... in sortem coicerentur, quoad is numerus effectus esset, quem ad numerum in provincias mitti oporteret, S. C. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 8:2.haec in Aeduorum finibus recensebantur numerusque inibatur,
Caes. B. G. 7, 76; Liv. 38, 22:eum clavum, quia rarae per ea tempora litterae erant, notam numeri annorum fuisse ferunt,
Liv. 7, 3:Pompilius ad pristinum numerum duo augures addidit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 14, 26:haec enim sunt tria numero,
in number, altogether, id. de Or. 2, 28, 121:classis mille numero navium,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 48:oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, incendunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 5:ad duorum milium numero ex Pompeianis cecidisse reperiebamus,
id. B. C. 3, 53: reliqui omnes, numero quadraginta, interfecti, Sall [p. 1226] J. 53, 4; cf. id. ib. 93, 8:cum magnus piratarum numerus deesset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 28, § 72:ad eorum numerum,
to the full number of them, id. ib. 2, 5, 28, § 73; id. Q. Fr. 2, 13; Caes. B. G. 5, 20:si naves suum numerum haberent,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 133:supra numerum,
superfluous, Suet. Ner. 15; id. Claud. 25:magnus numerus frumenti,
a great quantity, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176; cf. id. Planc. 26, 64; Caes. B. C. 2, 18:vini,
Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 66; so without an adj., like the Engl. number, for a great number:est (in eādem provinciā) numerus civium Romanorum atque hominum honestissimorum,
id. Font. 5, 13 (1, 3):plures numero tuti,
Tac. A. 14, 49 fin.:sed illos Defendit numerus,
Juv. 2, 46; cf. Verg. E. 7, 52:latet in numero virtus,
Sil. 1, 323.—In plur.: numeri, the mathematics, astronomy:3.ut a sacerdotibus barbaris numeros et caelestia acciperet,
Cic. Fin. 5, 29, 87:Thales hoc etiam numeris inquirit et astris,
Sid. 15, 79:numerisque sequentibus astra,
Stat. Th. 4, 411. —Rarely in sing., Claud. Cons. Mall. 130.—In milit. lang., a division of the army, a troop, band (post-Aug.):4.sparsi per provinciam numeri,
Tac. Agr. 18; cf.:plena urbs exercitu insolito: multi ad hoc numeri e Germaniā ac Britanniā,
id. H. 1, 6:nondum distributi in numeros erant,
Plin. Ep. 10, 29 (38), 2:revocare ad officium numeros,
Suet. Vesp. 6:militares numeri,
cohorts, Amm. 14, 7, 19:in numeris esse,
to be enrolled, Dig. 29, 1, 43; cf. ib. 29, 1, 38; Claud. Epith. Pall. et Celer. 86; Inscr. Grut. 1096. —Like the Gr. arithmos, a mere number, opp. to quality, worth:5.nos numerus sumus et fruges consumere nati,
we are mere numbers, ciphers, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 27; cf. Juv. 2, 46 supra.—In gram., a number (singular, plural, dual), Varr. L. L. 9, § 65 sq. Müll.; Quint. 1, 4, 27; 1, 5, 42; 47; 1, 6, 25 et saep. —C.Transf., poet., dice (marked with numbers):II.seu ludet numerosque manu jactabit eburnos,
Ov. A. A. 2, 203:et modo tres jactet numeros,
id. ib. 3, 355; cf. Suet. Tib. 14, 2.—Trop., number, rank, place, position, estimation, relation, class, category (cf.:B.nomen, locus, in loco, in vicem): me adscribe talem (i. e. talium) in numerum,
Cic. Phil. 2, 13, 33:in illo antiquorum hominum numero reponi,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210:in deorum numero haberi,
id. N. D. 3, 19, 48:reponere,
id. ib. 3, 3, 21:referre,
id. ib. 3, 1, 12:numero beatorum aliquem eximere,
Hor. C, 2, 2, 18:si quo in numero illud, quod per similitudinem affertur, et quo in loco illud, cujus causā affertur, haberi conveniat, ostendetur,
Cic. Inv. 2, 50, 151; id. Verr. 2, 2, 54, § 134:ex hoc numero hunc esse,
id. Arch. 7, 16:parentis numero alicui esse,
id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61 sq.:in hostium numero habere aliquem,
Caes. B. G. 1, 28:ducere in numero hostium,
id. ib. 6, 32:hujus originis apud veteres numerus erat exilis,
Amm. 23, 6, 35: in numero esse, to be of the number of, to be reckoned among, to be any thing, Lucr. 5, 180:Q. Aelius Tubero fuit illo tempore nullo in oratorum numero,
Cic. Brut. 31, 117:sine actione summus orator esse in numero nullo potest,
id. de Or. 3, 56, 213:quo sunt in numero Curiosolites, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 7, 75, 4; 3, 7, 2; Nep. Att. 1, 4:quo in numero ego sum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 23, 1; Caes. B. C. 2, 44, 3; 3, 53, 2:qui in eo numero fuisset,
Cic. Phil. 2, 11, 25; id. Fl. 4, 9; id. Fam. 7, 6, 1:quo in numero hi quoque fuerunt,
Liv. 39, 36 fin. — Without in:ut civium numero simus,
Liv. 4, 4, 12; 7, 30, 19; 30, 42, 9; 4, 56, 11;36, 35, 9: aliquem hostium numero habere,
Caes. B. G. 6, 6, 3; id. B. C. 3, 82, 3; id. B. G. 6, 21, 2:qui hostium numero non sunt,
Cic. Phil. 13, 5, 11; id. Brut. 20, 78:aliquo numero esse,
to be of some repute, id. Fam. 1, 10; Caes. B. G. 6, 13, 1; cf. Cic. Or. 62, 208; id. de Or. 3, 9, 33:Bambalio quidam, homo nullo numero,
of no account, Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 16:numerum aliquem obtinere,
id. Brut. 47, 175.—A part of a whole, member, category:C.omnes numeros virtutis continet,
Cic. Fin. 3, 7, 24:varium et elegans omni fere numero poëma,
id. Ac. 1, 3, 9:mundus perfectus expletusque omnibus suis numeris atque partibus,
id. N. D. 2, 13, 37:animalia imperfecta suisque Trunca vident numeris,
Ov. M. 1, 427; 7, 126:quid omnibus numeris praestantius?
Quint. 10, 1, 91:liber numeris omnibus absolutus,
Plin. Ep. 9, 38; cf. of the days of the month: luna alternis mensibus XXX. implebit numeros, alternis vero detrahet singulos, Plin. 18, 32, 75, § 325.—Hence, omnium numerorum esse, to be complete, perfect, Petr. 68:puer omnium numerūm,
id. ib. 63. And, on the contrary:deesse numeris suis,
to be deficient, Ov. Am. 3, 8, 11.—Order:D.quaecumque in foliis descripsit carmina virgo, Digerit in numerum,
Verg. A. 3, 446.—An office, duty, part:E.ad numeros exige quidque suos,
Ov. R. Am. 372:Veneri numeros eripere suos,
id. H. 4, 88; id. Am. 3, 7, 18; cf. id. ib. 3, 7, 26:verae numeros modosque ediscere vitae,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 143.—Musical measure, time, rhythm, harmony, numbers:2.in numerum exsultant,
Lucr. 2, 631:in musicis numeri, et voces et modi, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 1, 42, 187; Quint. 9, 4, 126:histrio si paulum se movet extra numerum,
Cic. Par. 3, 2, 26; Quint. 12, 2, 12:sit igitur hoc cognitum, in solutis etiam verbis inesse numeros,
Cic. Or. 56, 190:Isocrates verbis solutis numeros primus adjunxit,
id. ib. 52, 174:in solutā oratione... modum tamen et numerum quendam oportere servari,
id. Brut. 8, 32:multum interest, utrum numerosa sit, id est similis numerorum, an plane e numeris constet oratio,
id. Or. 65, 220:redigere omnes fere in quadrum numerumque sententias,
id. ib. 61, 208.—Hence, quamvis nil extra numerum fecisse modumque Curas, nothing out of measure, improper, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 59.—A measure, number, in poetry:3.nam cum sint numeri plures, iambum et trochaeum frequentem segregat ab oratore Aristoteles,
Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 182; id. Or. 64, 215:numeris nectere verba,
Ov. P. 4, 2, 30; 4, 2, 5:numeros memini, si verba tenerem,
i. e. the tune, Verg. E. 9, 45:numerisque fertur Lege solutis,
Hor. C. 4, 2, 11.—A verse, in gen. ( poet.):A.arma gravi numero violentaque bella parabam Edere,
i. e. verses in heroic metre, Ov. Am. 1, 1, 1:impares,
i. e. elegiac verses, id. ib. 3, 1, 37.—Hence, nŭmĕrō (abl.), adverb., lit., measured according to number or time, i. e. precisely, exactly, just (only ante-class.; freq. in Plautus; not found in Ter. or Lucr.).Just, precisely, at the right time, on the instant: numero mihi in mentem fuit. Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 25: neminem vidi, qui numero sciret, quod scitu est opus, Naev. ap. Fest. p. 170 Müll.—B.Quickly, rapidly, soon:2.numero significat cito,
Non. 352, 16 sq.:(apes) si quando displicatae sunt, cymbalis et plausibus numero reducunt in locum unum,
Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 7. —With nimis: perfalsum et abs te creditum numero nimis, too quickly, too soon, Afran. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 170 Müll.: numquam nimis numero quemquam vidi facere, quam facto est opus, Turp. ap. Non. 352, 20.—In a bad sense, too quickly, too hastily, too soon:Menaechme, numero huc advenis ad prandium: Nunc opsonatu redeo,
Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 13:numero dicis,
id. Cas. 3, 5, 28; id. Mil. 5, 1, 6:o Apella, o Zeuxis pictor, Cur numero estis mortui, hinc exemplum ut pingeretis?
why have you died too soon? id. Poen. 5, 4, 102; Afran. ap. Non. 352, 26; id. ap. Paul. ex Fest. l. l. -
3 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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4 numerus
numerus ī, m [NEM-], a number: ad numerum quattuor milium, about, Cs.: septem sonos: qui numerus rerum omnium fere nodus est: duo ii numeri: exercitus numero hominum amplior, S.: numerumque referri Iussit, that they be counted, V.: numerus argenteorum facilior usui est, counting, Ta.: mille numero navium classis: ad duo milia numero cecidisse, Cs.: obsides ad numerum miserunt, the full number, Cs.: quantum Aut numerum lupus (curat), the count of the flock, V.— A considerable number, quantity, body, collection, class: conveniet numerus quantum debui, sum, T.: effuse euntes numerum ampliorem efficiebant, S.: si naves suum numerum haberent, complement: magnus numerus frumenti, quantity: est numerus civium Romanorum, many: sed illos Defendit numerus, Iu.: sparsi per provinciam numeri, troops, Ta.— A mere number, cipher, nobody: Nos numerus sumus, H.: ignavorum, rabble, Ta.— Plur, dice: eburni, O.: trīs iactet numeros, O.— Plur, the mathematics, astronomy: a sacerdotibus numeros accipere.—Fig., number, rank, place, position, estimation, relation, class, category: me adscribe talem in numerum: Phraaten numero beatorum Eximit virtus, H.: reductos in hostium numero habuit, Cs.: Tubero fuit nullo in oratorum numero, reckoned among: esse in numero nullo, of no repute: qui aliquo sunt numero, of some repute, Cs.: homo nullo numero: quo sunt in numero Curiosolites, etc., Cs.: qui in eo numero fuisset: ut civium numero simus, L.— A part, member, category: omnes numeros virtutis continere: mundus expletus omnibus suis numeris: deesse numeris suis, to be deficient, O.— Order: Quaecumque descripsit carmina, Digerit in numerum, V.— An office, duty, part: ad numeros exige quidque suos, O.: verae numerosque modosque ediscere vitae, H.— Musical measure, time, rhythm, harmony, numbers: in musicis numeri et voces et modi, etc.: Isocrates verbis solutis numeros primus adiunxit: numeros memini, si verba tenerem, air, V.: nil extra numerum fecisse, out of measure, i. e. improper, H.—In verse, a measure, number: cum sint numeri plures: numeris nectere verba, O.: numerisque fertur Lege solutis, H.— A verse: Arma gravi numero Edere, i. e. heroic metre, O.: impares, i. e. elegiac verses, O.* * *number/sum/total/rank; (superior) numerical strength/plurality; catagory; tally; rhythm/cadence; frquency; meter/metrical foot/line; melody; exercise movements -
5 sum
1.sum, fui, esse (2d pers. es, but usu. es in Plaut and Ter; old forms, indic. pres. esum for sum, acc. to Varr. L. L. 9, § 100 Mull.: essis for es, Att. ap. Non. 200, 30, or Trag. Rel. p. 283 Rib.: simus for sumus, used by Augustus, acc. to Suet. Aug. 87; fut. escit for erit, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 25:I.esit, XII. Tab. ap. Fest. s. v. nec, p. 162 Mull.: escunt for erunt,
Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 60, 3, 3, 9; Lucr. 1, 619; perf. fuvimus for fuimus, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 168:FVVEIT, C. I. L. 1, 1051: fuit,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 23; id. Mil. 3, 1, 159:fuerim,
id. ib. 4, 8, 54:fuerit,
id. As. 4, 1, 37; subj. pres. siem, sies, siet, etc., very freq., esp. in Plaut.; e. g. siem, Am. prol. 57; Ter. And. 3, 4, 7:sies,
Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 43; Ter. And. 2, 5, 13:siet,
Plaut. Am. prol. 58; Ter. And. 1, 4, 7; Lucr. 3, 101:sient,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 54; Ter. And. 2, 3, 16; cf. Cic. Or. 47, 157; also,fuam, fuas, etc., regarded by G. Curtius, de Aorist. Lat. Rel. in Studien zur Gr. u. Lat. Gram. 1, 431 sqq., as an aorist: fuam,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 48; id. Mil. 2, 6, 112: fuas, Liv. Andron. ap. Non 111, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 71; 2, 3, 83; id. Pers. 1, 1, 52; id. Trin. 2, 1, 32: fuat, Pac. ap. Non. 111, 8; Carm. ap. Liv. 25, 12; Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 2; id. Aul. 2, 2, 56; id. Capt. 2, 2, 10 et saep.; Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 4; Lucr. 4, 639; Verg. A. 10, 108:fuant,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 110; id. Ep. 5, 1, 13; id. Ps. 4, 3, 12: fuvisset, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4, 4; part. pres. ens, used by Caesar, acc. to Prisc. p. 1140 P.; and by Sergius Flavius, acc. to Quint. 8, 3, 33; fut. inf. fore for futurum esse, very freq., and so always with partt.; cf. Madv. Gram. § 108; whence, subj. imperf. forem fores, etc., for essem; esp. in conditional sentences and in the histt., but very rare in Cic.; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 597 sqq.), v. n. [root es; Sanscr. as-mi, and the Greek es-mi, whence eimi; perf. fui; root in Sanscr. bhu, to become; bhavas, condition; Gr. phuô, to beget; cf.: fetus, futuo, etc.], to be, as a verb substantive or a copula.As a verb substantive, to be.A.In gen.1.Asserting existence, to be, exist, live:2.definitionum duo sunt genera prima: unum earum rerum quae sunt: alterum earum quae intelleguntur. Esse ea dico, quae cerni tangive possunt, ut fundum, aedes, parietem, cetera. Non esse rursus ea dico, quae tangi demonstrarive non possunt, cerni tamen animo atque intellegi possunt, ut si usucapionem, si tutelam, etc.... definias,
Cic. Top. 5, 26 sq.:si abest, nullus est,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 16:nunc illut est, quom me fuisse quam esse nimio mavelim,
id. Capt. 3, 3, 1:ita paene nulla sibi fuit Phronesium ( = paene mortuus est),
id. Truc. 1, 2, 95:omne quod eloquimur sic, ut id aut esse dicamus aut non esse,
Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 157:non statim, quod esse manifestum est, etiam quid sit apparet,
Quint. 3, 6, 81: est locus, Hesperiam quam mortales perhibebant, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 23 Vahl.):flumen est Arar, quod, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 12:homo nequissimus omnium qui sunt, qui fuerunt, qui futuri sunt!
Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 1; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 15, § 43:si quos inter societas aut est aut fuit aut futura est,
id. Lael. 22, 83:nec enim, dum ero, angar ulla re, cum omni vacem culpa: et, si non ero, sensu omnino carebo,
id. Fam. 6, 3, 4:si modo futuri sumus, erit mihi res opportuna,
id. Att. 11, 4, 1:si quando erit civitas, erit profecto nobis locus: sin autem non erit, etc.,
id. Fam. 2, 16, 6:nolite arbitrari, me cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore,
id. Sen. 22, 79:si erit ulla res publica... sin autem nulla erit,
id. Fam. 2, 16, 5:fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium,
Verg. A. 2, 325:sive erimus seu nos fata fuisse volunt,
Tib. 3, 5, 32: per quinquennia decem fuimus, Prud. Cath. praef. 2.—Of events, to be, happen, occur, befall, take place:3.illa (solis defectio) quae fuit regnante Romulo,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:neque enim est periculum, ne, etc.,
id. ib. 1, 23, 37:amabo, quid tibi est?
Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 24:quid se futurum esset,
Liv. 33, 27. —Of location, to be present, to be at a place.(α).With adv., or other expressions of place:(β).cum non liceret quemquam Romae esse, qui, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 41, § 100:cum Athenis decem ipsos dies fuissem,
id. Fam. 2, 8, 3; id. de Or. 2, 7, 27:cum Africanus constituisset in hortis esse,
id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:cum essemus in castris,
id. ib. 1, 15:nonne mavis sine periculo tuae domi esse quam cum periculo alienae?
id. Fam. 4, 7, 4:vos istic commodissime sperem esse,
id. ib. 14, 7, 2: te hic tutissime puto fore, Pompon. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 11, A.—Of passages in a book or writing, with in and abl., to be, stand, be written, etc.:(γ).deinceps in lege est, ut, etc.,
Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:quid enim in illis (litteris) fuit praeter querelam temporum,
id. Fam. 2, 16, 1.—Of personal relations, with ad or apud and acc., or cum and abl. of person:4.cum esset (Sulpicius Gallus) casu apud M. Marcellum,
Cic. Rep. 1, 14, 21:eram cum Stoico Diodoto: qui cum habitavisset apud me mecumque vixisset, etc.,
id. Brut. 90, 309:erat nemo, quicum essem libentius quam tecum et pauci, quibuscum essem aeque libenter,
id. Fam. 5, 21, 1:qui me admodum diligunt multumque mecum sunt,
id. ib. 4, 13, 6; cf. with simul:Smyrnae cum simul essemus complures dies,
id. Rep. 1, 8, 13.—Hence, esp.: esse cum aliquo (aliqua), to be with, i. e. live with, associate with, as husband or wife:cujus soror est cum P. Quintio,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77:ea nocte mecum illa hospitis jussu fuit,
Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 101; Ov. A. A. 3, 664:cum hac (meretrice) si qui adulescens forte fuerit,
Cic. Cael. 20, 49; Ov. Am. 2, 8, 27: tum ad me fuerunt, qui, etc., Varr. ap. Non. 133, 28:Curio fuit ad me sane diu,
Cic. Att. 10, 4, 8:cum ad me bene mane Dionysius fuit,
id. ib. 10, 16, 1; cf.:esse sub uno tecto atque ad eosdem Penates,
Liv. 28, 18.—Of relations analogous to place, of dress, condition, position, office, etc., to be, live, be found, etc., with in and abl.:5.cum est in sagis civitas,
Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 32:in laxa toga,
Tib. 2, 3, 78: sive erit in Tyriis, Tyrios laudabis amictus;Sive erit in Cois, Coa decere puta,
Ov. A. A. 2, 297: hominem non modo in aere alieno nullo, sed in suis nummis multis esse et semper fuisse, Cic. Verr [p. 1798] 2, 4, 6, §11: in servitute,
id. Clu. 7, 21:in illa opinione populari,
id. ib. 51, 142:in magno nomine et gloria,
id. Div. 1, 17, 31:in spe,
id. Fam. 14, 3, 2:in tanta moestitia,
id. Phil. 2, 15, 37:in odio,
id. Att. 2, 22, 1:in probris, in laudibus,
id. Off. 1, 18, 61:in officio,
id. ib. 1, 15, 49:in injustitia,
id. ib. 1, 14, 42:in vitio,
id. ib. 1, 19, 62; id. Tusc. 3, 9, 19:ne in mora quom opus sit, sies,
Ter. And. 2, 5, 13:ne in mora illi sis,
id. ib. 3, 1, 9:hic in noxia'st,
id. Phorm. 2, 1, 36:quae (civitas) una in amore atque in deliciis fuit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 3:in ingenti periculo,
Liv. 5, 47:in pace,
id. 31, 29.—So with abl. without in, when qualified by an adj.:(statua) est et fuit tota Graecia summo propter ingenium honore et nomine,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 87:si quis asperitate ea est et inmanitate naturae,
id. Lael. 23, 87:ne quo periculo proprio existimares esse,
id. Fam. 4, 15, 2 (B. and K. ex conj.:in periculo): ego sum spe bona,
id. ib. 12, 28, 3:res nunc difficili loco mihi videtur esse,
id. ib. 12, 28, 3:incredibili sum sollicitudine de tua valetudine,
id. ib. 16, 15, 1; esp. in phrase periculo alicujus esse, to be at the risk of any one:rem illam suo periculo esse,
id. Att. 6, 1, 6:ut quae in naves inposuissent, ab hostium tempestatisque vi publico periculo essent,
Liv. 23, 49, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.:dare nummos meo periculo,
Dig. 46, 1, 24:communi periculo,
ib. 13, 6, 21, § 1 (cf. II. B. 1. b. infra).—To depend upon, rest with, with in and abl.:B.res erat non in opinione dubia,
Cic. Dom. 5, 11:sed totum est in eo, si, etc.,
id. Att. 2, 22, 5:omnem reliquam spem in impetu esse equitum,
Liv. 10, 14, 12:quoniam totum in eo sit, ne contrectentur pocula,
Col. 12, 4, 3. —In partic.1.Esse (est, sunt, etc.) often stands without a subject expressed, or with an indef. subj., as antecedent of a rel.-clause, whose verb may be in the indic. or subj.; the former only when the subject is conceived as particular or limited, and actually existing; the latter always when it is conceived as indefinite; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 562 sq.; Roby, Gram. § 1686 sq.; Madv. Gram. § 365; but the distinctions usually drawn by grammarians are not always observed by the best writers; and the subjunctive is always admissible, being the prevailing construction after sunt qui in class. prose, and nearly universal in postAug. writers: sunt, qui (quae), there are those ( people or things) who ( that), or simply some.a.With indic.(α).Without subject expressed:(β).mulier mane: sunt Qui volunt te conventam,
Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 37:sunt hic quos credo inter se dicere,
id. Cas. prol. 67:sunt quae te volumus percontari,
id. Ps. 1, 5, 47:quid est, quod tu gestas tabellas?
id. ib. 1, 1, 10:quid est, quod tu me nunc optuere?
id. Most. 1, 1, 69; cf.:quid hoc est, quod foris concrepuit?
id. ib. 5, 1, 15:tun' is es, Qui in me aerumnam obsevisti?
id. Ep. 4, 1, 34:quid est, quod tuo animo aegre est?
id. Cas. 2, 2, 9; id. Cist. 4, 1, 3:at ego est quod volo loqui,
id. As. 1, 3, 79:est quod te volo secreto,
id. Bacch. 5, 2, 30:sunt quos scio amicos esse, sunt quos suspicor,
id. Trin. 1, 2, 54:ita subitum'st, quod eum conventum volo,
id. ib. 5, 2, 51:sunt quae ego ex te scitari volo,
id. Capt. 2, 2, 13:sed est quod suscenset tibi,
Ter. And. 2, 6, 17:est quod me transire oportet,
id. Hec. 2, 2, 31:quid sit quapropter te jussi, etc.,
id. ib. 5, 1, 7:sunt item quae appellantur alces,
Caes. B. G. 6, 27 init.:(nationes) ex quibus sunt qui ovis vivere existimantur,
id. ib. 4, 10 fin.:sunt qui putant posse te non decedere,
Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 25:sunt autem, qui putant non numquam complexione oportere supersederi,
id. Inv. 1, 40, 72:quamquam sunt, qui propter utilitatem modo petendas putant amicitias,
id. ib. 2, 55, 167:sunt autem quae praeterii,
id. Att. 10, 4, 11:sunt, qui abducunt a malis ad bona, ut Epicurus. Sunt, qui satis putant ostendere, nihil inopinati accidisse... Sunt etiam qui haec omnia genera consolandi colligunt,
id. Tusc. 3, 31, 76 Kuhn. N. cr.:sunt, qui, quod sentiunt, non audent dicere,
id. Off. 1, 24, 84:Argiletum sunt qui scripserunt ab Argola, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 157 Mull.:sunt qui ita dicunt,
Sall. C. 19, 4:sunt qui spiritum non recipiunt sed resorbent,
Quint. 11, 3, 55:sunt, quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum Collegisse juvat,
Hor. C. 1, 1, 3; cf. id. S. 1, 4, 24: sunt quibus unum opus est, etc., id. C. 1, 7, 5:sunt quibus in satira videor nimis acer,
id. S. 2, 1, 1:sunt quorum ingenium nova tantum crustula promit,
id. ib. 2, 4, 47.—With a subject expressed by an indefinite word or clause:b.sunt alii qui te volturium vocant,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 64:est genus hominum qui se primos omnium esse volunt,
Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:multae sunt causae, quam ob rem cupio abducere,
id. ib. 1, 2, 65 Fleck. (Ussing, cupiam):erat quidam eunuchus, quem mercatus fuerat,
id. ib. 3, 5, 21:multaeque res sunt in quibus de suis commodis viri boni multa detrahunt,
Cic. Lael. 16, 57:sunt ejus aliquot orationes, ex quibus lenitas ejus perspici potest,
id. Brut. 48, 177:fuerunt alia genera philosophorum, qui se omnes Socraticos esse dicebant,
id. de Or. 3, 17, 62:nonnulli sunt, qui aluerunt, etc.,
id. Cat. 1, 12, 301:sunt quidam, qui molestas amicitias faciunt, cum ipsi se contemni putant,
id. Lael. 20, 72:sunt vestrum, judices, aliquam multi, qui L. Pisonem cognoverunt,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 56:multae et pecudes et stirpes sunt, quae sine procuratione hominum salvae esse non possunt,
id. N. D. 2, 52, 130:sunt bestiae quaedam, in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis, etc.,
id. Fin. 5, 14, 38:permulta sunt, quae dici possunt, quare intellegatur, etc.,
id. Rosc. Am. 33, 94; cf. id. Div. in Caecil. 7, 22; id. Off. 1, 14, 43; 1, 20, 69; id. Div. 1, 54, 123:fuere complures, qui ad Catilinam initio profecti sunt,
Sall. C. 39, 5: haec sunt, quae clamores et admirationes in bonis oratoribus efficiunt. Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 152:alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere,
Sall. C. 52, 21.—With. subj.: sunt, qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem;(β).sunt qui nullum censeant fieri discessum,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:sunt qui in rebus contrariis parum sibi constent,
id. Off. 1, 21, 71:de impudentia singulari sunt qui mirentur,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 6:est eisdem de rebus quod dici potest subtilius,
id. Tusc. 3, 15, 32:praesto est qui neget rem ullam percipi esse sensibus,
id. Ac. 2, 32, 101:quicquid est quod deceat, id, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 27, 94:sunt qui nolint tetigisse nisi illas, etc.,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 28:sunt qui Crustis et pomis viduas venentur avaras,
id. Ep. 1, 1, 78:vestes Gaetulo murice tinctas Sunt qui non habeant, est qui non curet habere,
id. ib. 2, 2, 182 et saep.—With a more or less indefinite expression of the subject:* c.sunt quidam e nostris, qui haec subtilius velint tradere et negent satis esse, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 31:rarum est quoddam genus eorum, qui se a corpore avocent,
id. Div. 1, 49, 111:quotus igitur est quisque qui somniis pareat?
id. ib. 2, 60, 125; id. de Or. 2, 50, 196:solus est hic, qui numquam rationes ad aerarium referat,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 38, § 98:quae quibusdam admirabilia videntur, permulti sunt, qui pro nihilo putent,
id. Lael. 23, 86:erat nemo in quem ea suspicio conveniret,
id. Rosc. Am. 23, 65, cf.:quis enim miles fuit, qui Brundisii illam non viderit? quis, qui nescierit, etc.,
id. Phil. 2, 25, 61:sit aliquis, qui nihil mali habeat,
id. Tusc. 1, 35, 85:sunt nonnullae disciplinae, quae officium omne pervertant,
id. Off. 1, 2, 5:est quaedam animi sanitas quae in insipientem quoque cadat,
id. Tusc. 4, 13, 30:Syracusis lex est de religione, quae jubeat,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 51, § 126:unus est qui curet constantia magis quam consilio,
id. Att. 1, 18, 7:si est una ex omnibus quae sese moveat,
id. Rep. 6, 26, 28:multi sunt, qui non acerbum judicent vivere, sed supervacuum,
Sen. Ep. 24, 26:erant sententiae quae castra Vari oppugnanda censerent,
Caes. B. C. 2, 30:fuere cives qui seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent,
Sall. C. 36, 4:sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire dolorem Possis,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 34:sunt delicta tamen, quibus ignovisse velimus,
id. A. P. 347.—Poet.: est, quibus (acc. to the Gr. estin hois):2.est quibus Eleae concurrit palma quadrigae: est quibus in celeres gloria nata pedes,
Prop. 3, 9 (4, 8), 17.—With dat., to belong or pertain to; or, rendering the dative as the subject of the verb, to have ( possess, = the Fr. etre a used of property, and of permanent conditions or characteristics, not of temporary states, feelings, etc.; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 417 sq.): aliquid reperiret, fingeret fallacias, Unde esset adulescenti, amicae quod daret, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 23:b.nomen Mercurio'st mihi, Plaut Am. prol. 19: nisi jam tum esset honos elo quentiae,
Cic. Brut. 10, 40:est igitur homini cum deo similitudo,
id. Leg. 1, 8, 25:familiaritas, quae mihi cum eo est,
id. Att. 8. 3, 2:privatus illis census erat brevis,
Hor. C. 2, 15, 13; cf.:Trojae et huic loco nomen est,
Liv. 1, 1, 5:Hecyra est huic nomen fabulae,
Ter. Hec. prol. 1:cui saltationi Titius nomen esset,
Cic. Brut. 62, 225:cui (fonti) nomen Arethusa est,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 118:Scipio, cui post Africano fuit cognomen,
Liv. 25, 2, 6.—With ellips. of dat. ( poet.):nec rubor est emisse palam (sc. ei),
nor is she ashamed, Ov. A. A. 3, 167:neque testimonii dictio est (sc. servo),
has no right to be a witness, Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 63.—Esse alicui cum aliquo, to have to do with, to be connected with a person:3.tecum nihil rei nobis, Demipho, est,
Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 74:sibi cum illa mima posthac nihil futurum,
Cic. Phil. 2, 31, 77:jussit bona proscribi ejus, quicum familiaritas fuerat, societas erat,
id. Quint. 6, 25:si mihi tecum minus esset, quam est cum tuis omnibus,
id. Fam. 15, 10, 2.—Esse with certain prepp. and their cases (cf. also I. A. 2. 3. 4. supra).(α).Esse ab aliquo, to be of a person, to be the servant, disciple, adherent, partisan, etc., of:(β).es ne tu an non es ab illo milite e Macedonia?
do you belong to? Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 21:ab Andria est ancilla haec,
Ter. And. 3, 1, 3; 4, 4, 17:erat enim ab isto Aristotele,
Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 160:sed vide ne hoc, Scaevola, totum sit a me,
makes for me, id. de Or 1, 13, 55 (cf. ab, I. B. 3., II. B. 2. o.). —Esse pro aliquo, to be in favor of, make for:(γ).(judicia) partim nihil contra Habitum valere, partim etiam pro hoc esse,
Cic. Clu. 32, 88.—Esse ex aliqua re, to consist of, be made up of:4.(creticus) qui est ex longa et brevi et longa,
Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 183; cf.:duo extremi chorei sunt, id est, e singulis longis et brevibus,
id. Or. 63, 212:etsi temeritas ex tribus brevibus et longa est,
id. ib. 63, 214; 64, 215 (v. also 6. infra). —Euphem., in perf. tempp., of one who has died or a thing that has perished, to be no more, to be gone, departed, dead ( poet.):5.horresco misera, mentio quoties fit partionis: Ita paene tibi fuit Phronesium,
i. e. had almost died, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 92:nunc illud est, cum me fuisse quam esse nimio mavelim,
id. Capt. 3, 3, 1:sive erimus, seu nos fata fuisse velint,
Tib. 3, 5, 32:fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens Gloria Teucrorum,
Verg. A. 2, 325:certus in hospitibus non est amor: errat ut ipsi, Cumque nihil speres firmius esse, fuit,
Ov. H. 16, (17), 192.—Pregn., to be real or a fact, to be the case; so esp.: est, esto, it is even so, be it so, such is or let such be the case, granted, well, etc.:b.quid tibi vis dicam, nisi quod est?
Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 17:sunt ista, Laeli,
Cic. Lael. 2, 6:ista esse credere,
id. Tusc. 1, 6, 10: est vero, inquit, Africane, id. Fragm. ap. Lact. 1, 18:est ut dicis, inquam,
id. Fin. 3, 5, 19:sit quidem ut sex milia seminum intereant,
Col. 3, 3, 13:esto: ipse nihil est, nihil potest,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 47; cf.:verum esto,
id. Fin. 2, 23, 75:esto,
Verg. A. 7, 313; 10, 67; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 81; 1, 17, 37 al.—Hence,The connections est ut, ubi, cum, quod, or with a subject-clause, it happens or chances that, it is the case that, there is cause or reason why, there is a time when, it is allowed or permissible that, one may, etc.(α).Est ut, it is the case or fact, that, etc.:(β).sin est, ut velis Manere illam apud te, dos hic maneat,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 7 (8), 32:si est, ut dicat velle se, Redde,
id. Hec. 4, 1, 43:si est, culpam ut Antipho in se admiserit,
id. Phorm. 2, 1, 40:est, ut id maxime deceat,
Cic. Or. 59, 199:quando fuit, ut, quod licet, non liceret?
id. Cael. 20, 48:non est igitur, ut mirandum sit, ea praesentiri, etc.,
id. Div 1, 56, 128:non erat, ut fieri posset, mirarier umquam,
Lucr. 5, 979:futurum esse ut omnes pellerentur,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:non est, ut copia major Ab Jove donari possit tibi,
Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 2:est ut viro vir latius ordinet Arbusta sulcis,
id. C. 3, 1, 9; Dig. 38, 7, 2.—Cf. esse after a neg., with quin:numquam est enim, quin aliquid memoriae tradere velimus,
Auct. Her. 3, 24, 40.—Also, est ut, there is reason, that, etc.:magis est ut ipse moleste ferat errasse se, quam ut, etc.,
Cic. Cael. 6, 14 fin.: ille erat ut odisset primum defensorem salutis meae, he had good reason for hating [p. 1799] id. Mil. 13, 35; cf.:quid erat cur Milo optaret,
id. ib. 13, 34:neque est ut putemus ignorari ea ab animalibus,
Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3. —Est ubi, sometime or another, sometimes:(γ).erit, ubi te ulciscar, si vivo,
Plaut. Ps. 5, 2, 26:est, ubi id isto modo valeat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 8, 23.—Est cum, sometimes:(δ).est cum non est satius, si, etc.,
Auct. Her. 4, 26, 36.—Est quod, there is reason to, I have occasion:(ε).est quod visam domum,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 26:etsi magis est, quod gratuler tibi quam quod te rogem,
I have more reason to, Cic. Att. 16, 5, 2:est quod referam ad consilium: sin, etc.,
Liv. 30, 31, 9:quod timeas non est,
Ov. H. 19, 159:nil est illic quod moremur diutius,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 7, 6:non est quod multa loquamur,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 30.—Cf. with cur:non est cur eorum spes infragatur,
Cic. Or. 2, 6:nihil est cur,
id. Fam. 6, 20, 1.—Est, sit, etc., with infin. in Gr. constr., it is possible, is allowed, permitted, one may, etc. (mostly poet. and post-class.):(ζ).est quadam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 32:Cato, R. R. prooem. § 1: scire est liberum Ingenium atque animum,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 42:nec non et Tityon terrae omniparentis alumnum Cernere erat,
Verg. A. 6, 596; 8, 676; Sil. 2, 413:neque est te fallere quicquam,
Verg. G. 4, 447:unde Plus haurire est,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 79:est Gaudia prodentem vultum celare,
id. ib. 2, 5, 103:quod versu dicere non est,
id. ib. 1, 5, 87:quod tangere non est,
Ov. M. 3, 478:quae verbo objecta, verbo negare sit,
Liv. 42, 41, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.:ut conjectare erat intentione vultus,
Tac. A. 16, 34:est videre argentea vasa,
id. G. 5; Val. Max. 2, 6, 8; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 227.— With dat.:ne tibi sit frigida saxa adire,
Prop. 1, 20, 13; Tib. 1, 6, 24 (32):tu procul a patria (nec sit mihi credere tantum!) Alpinas nives Me sine vides,
Verg. E. 10, 46:fuerit mihi eguisse aliquando amicitiae tuae,
Sall. J. 110, 3; Dig. 46, 3, 72, § 4.—In eo ease ut, etc., to be in a condition to reach the point that, to be possible, etc., to be about to, on the point of, etc. ( impers. or with res, etc., as subj.):6.cum jam in eo esset, ut in muros evaderet miles,
Liv. 2, 17, 5:si viderent in eo jam esse ut urbs caperetur,
id. 28, 22, 8:jamque in eo rem fore, ut Romani aut hostes aut domini habendi sint,
id. 8, 27, 3:cum res non in eo essent ut, etc.,
id. 33, 41, 9:non in eo esse Carthaginiensium res, ut, etc.,
id. 30, 19, 3; 34, 41. —With person. subj. (late Lat.):cum ab Ulixe adducta Iphigenia in eo esset, ut immolaretur,
Hyg. Fab. 261. —Like the Engl. to be, for to come, fall, reach, to have arrived, etc. (hence also with in and acc.):7. II.ecquid in mentem est tibi, Patrem tibi esse?
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 54:nam numero mi in mentem fuit,
id. Am. 1, 1, 26:ex eo tempore res esse in vadimonium coepit,
Cic. Quint. 5, 22:portus in praedonum fuisse potestatem sciatis,
id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33:ut certior fieret, quo die in Tusculanum essem futurus,
id. Att. 15, 4, 2:qui neque in provinciam cum imperio fuerunt,
id. Fam. 8, 8, 8:quae ne in potestatem quidem populi Romani esset,
Liv. 2, 14, 4:nec prius militibus in conspectum fuisse,
Suet. Aug. 16:esse in amicitiam populi Romani dicionemque,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 20, 66; cf.:in eorum potestatem portum futurum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 38, § 98; v. Gell. 1, 7, 16 sq.; Zumpt, Gram. § 316.—As a copula, to be any thing or in any manner.A.In gen.1.With an adj., subst., or pron.:2.et praeclara res est et sumus otiosi,
Cic. Lael. 5, 17:quod in homine multo est evidentius,
id. ib. 8, 27:sperare videor Scipionis et Laelii amicitiam notam posteritati fore,
id. ib. 4, 15:non sum ita hebes, ut istud dicam,
id. Tusc. 1, 6, 12:cum, ignorante rege, uter esset Orestes, Pylades Orestem se esse diceret, Orestes autem ita ut erat, Orestem se esse perseveraret,
id. Lael. 7, 24:consul autem esse qui potui? etc.,
id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:nos numerus sumus et fruges consumere nati,
are a mere number, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 27:pars non minima triumphi est victimae praecedentes,
Liv. 45, 49:nobile erit Romae pascua vestra forum,
Prop. 4 (5), 9, 20:sanguis erant lacrimae,
Luc. 9, 811:ego tu sum, tu es ego: unanimi sumus,
Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 49:tuos sum,
id. Bacch. 1, 1, 60: domus non ea est, quam parietes nostri cingunt, Cic. Rep. 1, 13, 19:is enim fueram, cui, etc.,
id. ib. 1, 4, 7.—Less freq. with adv. (esp. in colloq. language): Am. Satin' tu sanus es? Sos. Sic sum ut vides, Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 57:B.sic, inquit, est,
Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60:est, inquit, ut dicis,
id. ib. 1, 40, 63:quod ita cum sit,
id. ib. 1, 45, 69:quia sunt haud procul ab hujus aetatis memoria,
id. ib. 1, 1, 1 B. and K.:nec vero habere virtutem satis est,
id. ib. 1, 2, 2: frustra id inceptum Volscis fuit. Liv. 2, 25:dato qui bene sit: ego, ubi bene sit, tibi locum lepidum dabo,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 51:apud matrem recte est,
Cic. Att. 1, 7:cum in convivio comiter et jucunde fuisses,
id. Deiot. 7, 19:omnes hanc quaestionem haud remissius sperant futuram,
id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11:dicta impune erant,
Tac. A. 1, 72.—Esp.: facile alicubi (in aliqua re) esse, with pleasure, glad to be:quod in maritimis facillime sum,
Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 2:locum habeo nullum ubi facilius esse possum,
id. Att. 13, 26, 2 (on esse with an adverb, v. Haase ap. Reisig, Vorles. p. 394; cf. also bene under bonus fin.).—In partic.1.With gen. part., to be of, belong to a class, party, etc.:2.in republica ita est versatus, ut semper optimarum partium et esset et existimaretur,
Nep. Att. 6, 1:qui ejusdem civitatis fuit,
id. Them. 9, 1:qui Romanae partis erant, urbe excesserunt,
Liv. 35, 51, 7: ut aut amicorum aut inimicorum Campani simus;si defenditis, vestri, si deseritis, Samnitium erimus,
id. 7, 30, 9 sq. —With gen. or abl. denoting quality.(α).With gen.:(β).nimium me timidum, nullius animi, nullius consilii fuisse confiteor,
Cic. Sest. 16, 36:disputatio non mediocris contentionis est,
id. de Or. 1, 60, 257:magni judicii, summae etiam facultatis esse debebit,
id. Or. 21, 70:(virtus) nec tantarum virium est, ut se ipsa tueatur,
id. Tusc. 5, 1, 2; id. Fin. 5, 12, 36:Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit,
Sall. J. 95, 3:summi ut sint laboris,
Caes. B. G. 4, 2:civitas magnae auctoritatis,
id. ib. 5, 54:refer, Cujus fortunae (sit),
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 54:se nullius momenti apud exercitum futurum,
Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:qui ejusdem aetatis fuit,
id. ib. 11, 1:invicti ad laborem corporis erat,
Liv. 9, 16:nec magni certaminis ea dimicatio fuit,
id. 21, 60:somni brevissimi erat,
Suet. Claud. 33.—So of extent, number, etc.:classis centum navium,
Nep. Them. 2, 2; 2, 5:annus trecentarum sexaginta quinque dierum,
Suet. Caes. 40.—With abl.:3.bono animo es,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 4:jam aetate ea sum, ut, etc.,
id. Hec. 5, 1, 11:bellum varia victoria fuit,
Sall. J. 5, 1:L. Catilina nobili genere natus fuit magna vi et animi et corporis, set ingenio malo,
id. C. 5, 1:Sulla animo ingenti,
id. J. 95, 3:esse magna gratia,
Caes. B. G. 1, 8:tenuissima valetudine esse,
id. ib. 5, 40:si fuerit is injustus, timidus, hebeti ingenio atque nullo,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 15, 45:mira sum alacritate ad litigandum,
id. Att. 2, 7, 2:bono animo sint et tui et mei familiares,
id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:ut bono essent animo,
id. Rep. 1, 17, 29:ut uxores eodem jure sint quo viri,
id. ib. 1, 43, 67:qui capite et superciliis semper est rasis,
id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:abi, quaere, unde domo quis, Cujus fortunae, quo sit patre quove patrono,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 54 (cf. I. A. 4. supra). —With gen. or abl. of price or value.(α).With gen.:(β). 4.pluris est oculatus testis quam auriti decem,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 8:videtur esse quantivis pretii,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 15:a me argentum, quanti (servus) est, sumito,
id. Ad. 5, 9, 20:si ullo in loco frumentum tanti fuit, quanti iste aestimavit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 194:ager nunc multo pluris est, quam tunc fuit,
id. Rosc. Com. 12, 33:ut quisque, quod plurimi sit, possideat, ita, etc.,
id. Par. 6, 2, 48:magni erunt mihi tuae litterae,
id. Fam. 15, 15, 4:parvi sunt foris arma, nisi, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 22, 76:an emat denario quod sit mille denarium,
id. ib. 3, 23, 92:parvi pretii est quod nihili est,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 4:mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo,
is worth more to me, weighs more with me, id. Att. 12, 28, 2:neque pluris pretii cocum quam vilicum habeo,
Sall. J. 85, 39:erat (agellus) centum milium nummum,
Plin. Ep. 6, 3, 1. —With gen. of possession, etc., it belongs, pertains to; or it is the part, property, nature, mark, sign, custom, or duty of, etc.(α).In gen.:(β).audiant eos, quorum summa est auctoritas apud, etc.,
who possess, Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:ea ut civitatis Rhodiorum essent,
Liv. 37, 55, 5:teneamus eum cursum, qui semper fuit optimi cujusque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 3:quamobrem neque sapientis esse accipere habenas,
id. ib. 1, 5, 9; id. de Or. 2, 20, 86:sapientis est consilium explicare suum, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 81, 333:temeritas est florentis aetatis, prudentia senescentis,
id. Sen. 6, 20:est adulescentis majores natu vereri,
id. Off. 1, 34, 122:Aemilius, cujus tum fasces erant,
Liv. 8, 12, 13:tota tribuniciae potestatis erat,
id. 3, 48:alterius morientis prope totus exercitus fuit,
id. 22, 50:jam me Pompeii totum esse scis,
Cic. Fam. 2, 13, 2:hominum, non causarum, toti erant,
Liv. 3, 36:plebs novarum, ut solet, rerum atque Hannibalis tota esse,
were devoted to, favored, id. 23, 14:Dolopes numquam Aetolorum fuerant: Philippi erant,
id. 38, 3:Ptolemaeus propter aetatem alieni arbitrii erat,
id. 42, 29:est miserorum ut malevolentes sint,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 51:quod alterum divinitatis mihi cujusdam videtur,
Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86:negavit moris esse Graecorum, ut, etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66:non est gravitatis ac sapientiae tuae, ferre immoderatius casum incommodorum tuorum,
id. Fam. 5, 16, 5:est hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 4, 5.—Rarely with pronom. posses.:est tuum, Cato, videre quid agatur,
Cic. Mur. 38, 83:fuit meum quidem jam pridem rem publicam lugere,
id. Att. 12, 28, 2.—Esp., with gerundive, to denote tendency, effect, etc.:5.quae res evertendae rei publicae solerent esse,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 132:regium inperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis fuerat,
Sall. C. 6, 7:qui utilia ferrent, quaeque aequandae libertatis essent,
Liv. 3, 31, 7:ea prodendi imperii Romani, tradendae Hannibali victoriae esse,
id. 27, 9, 12:nihil tam aequandae libertatis esse quam potentissimum quemque posse dicere causam,
id. 38, 51, 8:frustrationem eam legis tollendae esse,
id. 3, 24, 1 Weissenb. ad loc.; 3, 39, 8; 5, 3, 5; 40, 29, 11.—With dat. of the end, object, purpose, etc.:6.vitam hanc rusticam tu probro et crimini putas esse oportere,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 17, 48:etiam quae esui potuique non sunt, contineri legato,
Dig. 33, 9, 3; Gell. 4, 1, 20:ut divites conferrent, qui essent oneri ferendo,
Liv. 2, 9:magis vis morbi curae esset, maxime quod, etc.,
id. 4, 21, 5:cum solvendo aere (i. e. aeri) alieno res publica non esset,
id. 31, 13:iniciuntur ea, quae umori extrahendo sunt,
Cels. 4, 10 fin. — Esp. in phrase solvendo esse, to be solvent, able to pay:tu nec solvendo eras,
Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 4:cum solvendo civitates non essent,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 2 (v. solvo).—With predicative dat. sing., denoting that which the subject is, becomes, appears to be, etc.(α).Without second dat. of pers.:(β).auxilio is fuit,
Plaut. Am. prol. 94:magis curae'st,
id. Bacch. 4, 10, 3; id. Curc. 4, 2, 15; id. As. 1, 3, 23; id. Capt. 5, 2, 13 sq.:cui bono fuerit,
Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35:eo natus sum ut Jugurthae scelerum ostentui essem,
Sall. J. 24, 10: cupis me esse nequam;tamen ero frugi bonae,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 51:magnoque esse argumento, homines scire pleraque antequam nati sint, quod, etc.,
Cic. Sen. 21, 78:multi Indicioque sui facti persaepe fuere, Lucr 4, 1019: ejus rei ipsa verba formulae testimonio sunt,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 4, 11:haec res ad levandam annonam impedimento fuit,
Liv. 4, 13:cujus rei Demosthenes atque Aeschines possunt esse documento,
Quint. 7, 1, 2.—With second dat. of pers.:7.obsecro vos ego mi auxilio sitis,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 9, 5; id. Ep. 5, 2, 11; id. Most. 1, 2, 68:ne quid Captioni mihi sit,
id. ib. 3, 3, 19:mihi cordi est,
id. Cist. 1, 1, 110:ubi eris damno molestiae et dedecori saepe fueris,
id. As. 3, 2, 25:metuo illaec mihi res ne malo magno fuat,
id. Mil. 2, 6, 12:nec Salus nobis saluti jam esse potest,
id. Most. 2, 1, 4:bono usui estis nulli,
id. Curc. 4, 2, 15:quae sint nobis morbo mortique,
Lucr. 6, 1095:quo magis quae agis curae sunt mihi,
Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 46:omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: ut mihi magnae curae tuam vitam ac dignitatem esse scires, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8, A fin.:accusant ei, quibus occidi patrem Sex. Roscii bono fuit,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 13: haec tam parva [p. 1800] civitas praedae tibi et quaestui fuit, id. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:ea dictitare, quae detrimento, maculae, invidiae, infamiae nobis omnibus esse possint,
id. ib. 2, 3, 62, §144: minus ea bella curae patribus erant, quam, etc.,
Liv. 35, 23, 1:sciant patribus aeque curae fuisse, ne, etc.,
id. 4, 7, 6:si hoc perinde curae est tibi quam illud mihi,
Plin. Ep. 6, 8, 9:quantaeque curae tibi fuit, ne quis, etc.,
id. Pan. 25, 3:quantae sit mihi curae,
id. Ep. 6, 8, 2:si judicibus ipsis aut gloriae damnatio rei aut deformitati futura absolutio,
Quint. 6, 1, 12.—Rarely with dat. gerund:nec tamen impedimento id rebus gerundis fuit,
Liv. 26, 24 (for a full account of this dative, v. Roby, Gram. 2, praef. pp. xxv.-lvi., and § 1158 sq.).—Esse ad aliquid, to be of use for, to serve for:8.vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam,
Cato, R. R. 125:completae naves taeda et pice reliquisque rebus quae sunt ad incendia,
Caes. B. C. 3, 101:valvae, quae olim ad ornandum templum erant maxime,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 56, § 124.—Id est or hoc est, with predic.-clause by way of explanatory addition, that is, that is to say; sometimes also with a climax in the sense, which is as much as to say, or which is the same thing:9.sed domum redeamus, id est ad nostros revertamur,
Cic. Brut. 46, 172:quodsi in scena, id est in contione verum valet, etc.,
id. Lael. 26, 97:meos amicos, in quibus est studium, in Graeciam mitto, id est ad Graecos ire jubeo,
id. Ac. 1, 2, 8:si Epicurum, id est si Democritum probarem,
id. ib. 1, 2, 6:ut (sapiens) aegritudine opprimatur, id est miseria,
id. Tusc. 3, 13, 27: a parte negotiali, hoc est pragmatikêi, Quint. 3, 7, 1:cum in bona tua invasero, hoc est, cum te docuero,
id. 8, 3, 89.—Poet., with Greek inf. pleonastically:2.esse dederat monumentum,
Verg. A. 5, 572 (cf.: dôke xeinêion einai, Hom. Il. 10, 269).sum = eum, Enn. ap. Fest., v. is.3.sum- in composition, for sub before m; v. sub fin. -
6 sum
sum (2d pers. es, or old ēs; old subj praes. siem, siēs, siet, sient, for sim, etc., T.; fuat for sit, T., V., L.; imperf. often forem, forēs, foret, forent, for essem, etc.; fut. escunt for erunt, C.), fuī (fūvimus for fuimus, Enn. ap. C.), futūrus ( inf fut. fore or futūrum esse, C.), esse [ES-; FEV-]. — I. As a predicate, asserting existence, to be, exist, live: ut id aut esse dicamus aut non esse: flumen est Arar, quod, etc., Cs.: homo nequissimus omnium qui sunt, qui fuerunt: arbitrari, me nusquam aut nullum fore: fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium, V.—Of place, to be, be present, be found, stay, live: cum non liceret Romae quemquam esse: cum essemus in castris: deinceps in lege est, ut, etc.: erat nemo, quicum essem libentius quam tecum: sub uno tecto esse, L.—Of circumstances or condition, to be, be found, be situated, be placed: Sive erit in Tyriis, Tyrios laudabis amictūs, i. e. is attired, O.: in servitute: in magno nomine et gloriā: in vitio: Hic in noxiāst, T.: in pace, L.: (statua) est et fuit totā Graeciā summo honore: ego sum spe bonā: rem illam suo periculo esse, at his own risk: omnem reliquam spem in impetu esse equitum, L.—In 3 d pers., followed by a pron rel., there is (that) which, there are (persons) who, there are (things) which, some.—With indic. (the subject conceived as definite): est quod me transire oportet, there is a (certain) reason why I must, etc., T.: sunt item quae appellantur alces, there are creatures also, which, etc., Cs.: sunt qui putant posse te non decedere, some think: Sunt quibus in satirā videor nimis acer, H.—With subj. (so usu. in prose, and always with a subject conceived as indefinite): sunt, qui putent esse mortem... sunt qui censeant, etc.: est isdem de rebus quod dici possit subtilius: sunt qui Crustis et pomis viduas venentur avaras, H.—With dat, to belong, pertain, be possessed, be ascribed: fingeret fallacias, Unde esset adulescenti amicae quod daret, by which the youth might have something to give, T.: est igitur homini cum deo similitudo, man has some resemblance: Privatus illis census erat brevis, H.: Troia et huic loco nomen est, L.—Ellipt.: Nec rubor est emisse palam (sc. ei), nor is she ashamed, O.: Neque testimoni dictio est (sc. servo), has no right to be a witness, T.—With cum and abl of person, to have to do with, be connected with: tecum nihil rei nobis est, we have nothing to do with you, T.: si mihi tecum minus esset, quam est cum tuis omnibus.—With ab and abl of person, to be of, be the servant of, follow, adhere to, favor, side with: Ab Andriā est ancilla haec, T.: sed vide ne hoc, Scaevola, totum sit a me, makes for me.— With pro, to be in favor of, make for: (iudicia) partim nihil contra Habitum valere, partim etiam pro hoc esse.—With ex, to consist of, be made up of: (creticus) qui est ex longā et brevi et longā: duo extremi chorei sunt, id est, e singulis longis et brevibus.— To be real, be true, be a fact, be the case, be so: sunt ista, Laeli: est ut dicis, inquam: verum esto: esto, granted, V.—Esp. in phrases, est ut, it is the case that, is true that, is possible that, there is reason for: sin est, ut velis Manere illam apud te, T.: est, ut id maxime deceat: futurum esse ut omnes pellerentur, Cs.: magis est ut ipse moleste ferat errasse se, quam ut reformidet, etc., i. e. he has more reason for being troubled... than for dreading, etc.: ille erat ut odisset defensorem, etc., he certainly did hate.—In eo esse ut, etc., to be in a condition to, be possible that, be about to, be on the point of ( impers. or with indef subj.): cum iam in eo esset, ut in muros evaderet miles, when the soldiers were on the point of scaling, L.: cum res non in eo essent ut, etc., L.—Est ubi, there is a time when, sometimes: est, ubi id isto modo valeat.—Est quod, there is reason to, is occasion to: etsi magis est, quod gratuler tibi, quam quod te rogem, I have more reason to: est quod referam ad consilium: sin, etc., L.: non est quod multa loquamur, H.—Est cur, there is reason why: quid erat cur Milo optaret, etc., what cause had Milo for wishing? etc.—With inf, it is possible, is allowed, is permitted, one may: Est quādam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra, H.: scire est liberum Ingenium atque animum, T.: neque est te fallere quicquam, V.: quae verbo obiecta, verbo negare sit, L.: est videre argentea vasa, Ta.: fuerit mihi eguisse aliquando tuae amicitiae, S.—Of events, to be, happen, occur, befall, take place: illa (solis defectio) quae fuit regnante Romulo: Amabo, quid tibi est? T.: quid, si... futurum nobis est? L.— To come, fall, reach, be brought, have arrived: ex eo tempore res esse in vadimonium coepit: quae ne in potestatem quidem populi R. esset, L.— II. As a copula, to be: et praeclara res est et sumus otiosi: non sum ita hebes, ut istud dicam: Nos numerus sumus, a mere number, H.: sic, inquit, est: est ut dicis: frustra id inceptum Volscis fuit, L.: cum in convivio comiter et iucunde fuisses: quod in maritimis facillime sum, am very glad to be.—With gen part., to be of, belong to: qui eiusdem civitatis fuit, N.: qui Romanae partis erant, L.: ut aut amicorum aut inimicorum Campani simus, L.— With gen possess., to belong to, pertain to, be of, be the part of, be peculiar to, be characteristic of, be the duty of: audiant eos, quorum summa est auctoritas apud, etc., who possess: ea ut civitatis Rhodiorum essent, L.: Aemilius, cuius tum fasces erant, L.: plebs novarum rerum atque Hannibalis tota esse, were devoted to, L.: negavit moris esse Graecorum, ut, etc.—With pron possess.: est tuum, Cato, videre quid agatur: fuit meum quidem iam pridem rem p. lugere.—With gerundive: quae res evertendae rei p. solerent esse, which were the usual causes of ruin to the state: qui utilia ferrent, quaeque aequandae libertatis essent, L.— With gen. or abl. of quality, to be of, be possessed of, be characterized by, belong to, have, exercise: nimium me timidum, nullius consili fuisse confiteor: Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, S.: civitas magnae auctoritatis, Cs.: refer, Cuius fortunae (sit), H.: nec magni certaminis ea dimicatio fuit, L.: bellum variā victoriā fuit, S.: tenuissimā valetudine esse, Cs.: qui capite et superciliis semper est rasis.—With gen. or abl. of price or value, to be of, be valued at, stand at, be appreciated, cost: videtur esse quantivis preti, T.: ager nunc multo pluris est, quam tunc fuit: magni erunt mihi tuae litterae: sextante sal et Romae et per totam Italiam erat, was worth, L.—With dat predic., to express definition or purpose, to serve for, be taken as, be regarded as, be felt to be: vitam hanc rusticam tu probro et crimini putas esse oportere, ought to be regarded as: eo natus sum ut Iugurthae scelerum ostentui essem, S.: ipsa res ad levandam annonam impedimento fuerat, L.—With second dat of pers.: quo magis quae agis curae sunt mihi, T.: illud Cassianum, ‘cui bono fuerit,’ the inquiry of Cassius, ‘ for whose benefit was it ’: haec tam parva civitas praedae tibi et quaestui fuit.— To be sufficient for, be equal to, be fit: sciant patribus aeque curae fuisse, ne, etc., L.: ut divites conferrent, qui oneri ferendo essent, such as were able to bear the burden, L.: cum solvendo aere (old dat. for aeri) alieno res p. non esset, L.—With ellips. of aeri: tu nec solvendo eras, wast unable to pay.—With ad, to be of use for, serve for: res quae sunt ad incendia, Cs.: valvae, quae olim ad ornandum templum erant maxime.—With de, to be of, treat concerning, relate to: liber, qui est de animo.—In the phrase, id est, or hoc est, in explanations, that is, that is to say, I mean: sed domum redeamus, id est ad nostros revertamur: vos autem, hoc est populus R., etc., S.* * *highest, the top of; greatest; last; the end of -
7 supérieur
supérieur, e [sypeʀjœʀ]1. adjective• intelligence/qualité supérieure à la moyenne above-average intelligence/quality• des températures supérieures à 300° temperatures in excess of 300°• il est d'un niveau bien supérieur à celui de son adversaire he is of a far higher standard than his opponentc. ( = excellent) [intérêts, principe] higher ; [intelligence, esprit] superiord. ( = hautain) [air, ton, regard] superior2. masculine noun, feminine noun3. masculine noun( = enseignement) le supérieur higher education* * *
1.
supérieure sypeʀjœʀ adjectif1) ( situé en haut dans l'espace) [mâchoire, membre, lèvre] upper; [niveau, étage] upper, top2) ( dans une hiérarchie) [grades, classes sociales] upper3) ( en valeur) [vitesse, coût, salaire, nombre] higher (à than); [taille, dimensions] bigger (à than); [durée] longer (à than)température supérieure à 20° — temperature above 20°
4) ( de meilleure qualité) [travail, qualité] superior (à to)5) ( hautain) [air, ton, sourire] superior
2.
nom masculin, féminin1) ( chef) superior2) Religion Superior
3.
nom masculin Université higher education* * *sypeʀjœʀ supérieur, -e1. adj1) (lèvre, étages, classes) upper2) (température, niveau, nombre) higher, (importance, portée) greatersupérieur à (température, niveau, nombre) — higher than, (importance, portée) greater than
Choisissez un nombre supérieur à cent. — Choose a number higher than 100.
3) (qualité, produit) superior4) (= hautain) superior5) RELIGION2. nm/f* * *A adj1 ( situé en haut dans l'espace) [mâchoire, membre, paupière, lèvre] upper; [niveau, étage] upper, top; la partie supérieure d'un objet the upper ou top part of an object; le cours supérieur d'un fleuve the upper reaches of a river; dans le coin supérieur droit in the top right-hand corner;2 ( dans une hiérarchie) [grades, classes sociales] upper; les échelons supérieurs d'une hiérarchie the upper echelons of a hierarchy; il a été promu au rang supérieur he was promoted to the next rank up; elle t'est hiérarchiquement supérieure she's above you in the hierarchy;3 ( en valeur) [température, vitesse, coût, salaire, nombre] higher (à than); [taille, dimensions] bigger (à than); [durée] longer (à than); mes notes sont supérieures à la moyenne my marks are above average; des coûts de production supérieurs à la moyenne higher than average production costs; le niveau de vie est supérieur à celui des pays voisins the standard of living is much higher than in neighbouringGB countries; des taux d'intérêt supérieurs à 10% interest rates higher than ou above 10%; les chiffres sont supérieurs de 3% aux prévisions the figures are 3% higher than predicted; être supérieur en nombre to be greater in number; des températures supérieures de 4 à 5 degrés aux moyennes saisonnières temperatures between 4 and 5 degrees higher than the seasonal averages; température supérieure à 20°C temperature above 20°C;4 ( de meilleure qualité) [travail, qualité] superior (à to); leur aviation est supérieure à celle de leur ennemi their air force is superior to that of their enemy; leur adversaire leur était supérieur their opponent was better than them;5 ( hautain) [air, ton, sourire] superior; avoir/prendre un air supérieur to have/to assume a superior air;6 Math si a est supérieur à b if a is greater than b; x est égal ou supérieur à y x is equal to or greater than y;8 Astron superior;9 Géol Upper; jurassique supérieur Upper Jurassic.B nm,f1 ( chef) superior; mon supérieur hiérarchique my immediate superior; mes supérieurs hiérarchiques my superiors;C nm Univ higher education.( féminin supérieure) [syperjɶr] adjectif[juste au-dessus - étagère, ligne] aboveles jouets sont à l'étage supérieur toys are on the next floor ou the floor above2. [quantitativement - efficacité] higher, greater ; [ - prix, rendement, vitesse] higher ; [ - volume] bigger, greaterleurs joueurs se retrouvent maintenant supérieurs en nombre their players now outnumber the oppositiona. [prix] higher thanb. [volume] bigger thantaux légèrement supérieur à 8 % rate slightly over 8%d'une longueur/largeur supérieure à... longer/wider than...leur lessive est-elle vraiment supérieure à toutes les autres? is their washing powder really better than all the others?il est techniquement supérieur au Suédois SPORT his technique is superior to that of the Swedish player5. [hautain - air, ton] superior8. GÉOGRAPHIE [en amont] uppersupérieur ou égal à superior or equal to, greater than or equal to10. RELIGION————————, supérieure [syperjɶr] nom masculin, nom féminin[dans une hiérarchie]————————nom masculin———————————————— -
8 pin
m.1 pin, (lapel) badge.2 NDP, net domestic product.* * *SM PIN* * ** * *= button, PIN (personal identification number), PIN (personal identification number).Ex. The mere indication of support through the wearing of a button or the posting of a slogan may deter persons with questions unrelated to the issue being aired.Ex. Users of electronic services need a number of usernames, passwords, PINs and so on in order to successfully interact with these services.Ex. Users of electronic services need a number of usernames, passwords, PINs and so on in order to successfully interact with these services.----* número pin = PIN (personal identification number), PIN number.* * ** * *= button, PIN (personal identification number), PIN (personal identification number).Ex: The mere indication of support through the wearing of a button or the posting of a slogan may deter persons with questions unrelated to the issue being aired.
Ex: Users of electronic services need a number of usernames, passwords, PINs and so on in order to successfully interact with these services.Ex: Users of electronic services need a number of usernames, passwords, PINs and so on in order to successfully interact with these services.* número pin = PIN (personal identification number), PIN number.* * *PIN* * *
Multiple Entries:
PIN
pin
PIN sustantivo masculino PIN
pin sustantivo masculino ( broche) pin
' pin' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alfiler
- chapa
- chincheta
- clavarse
- clavo
- espiga
- estaquilla
- horquilla
- imperdible
- oro
- pasador
- prender
- rodillo
- rollo
- trifásica
- trifásico
- aguja
- boliche
- bolo
- chinche
- cifrar
- clavija
- clip
- gancho
- macho
- mosca
- muerto
- número
- palote
- PIN
- pino
- pinza
- seguro
- sujetar
English:
drawing pin
- linchpin
- pin
- pin down
- pin on
- pin up
- rolling pin
- safety pin
- work in
- badge
- bobby
- dig
- drawing
- hair
- head
- PIN
- pinup
- safety
- ten
- tie
* * *PIN [pin] nm1. (abrev de producto interior neto) NDP2. (abrev de personal identification number) PIN* * *m PIN* * *pin n pin / badge -
9 EINN
* * *card. numb. and pron.1) one;einn skal við einn eiga, one shall fight against one;einn ok einn, one by one, one at a time, singly;2) as ord. numb. = inn fyrsti (Urð hétu eina, aðra Verðandi, Skuld ina þriðju);3) the same, one and the same (váru sveinarnir up fœddir báðir í einu þorpi);allt í eina leið, all in one way;einn … ok, the same as (í einu herbergi ok hinn);allr einn, the very same, quite the same (þat er allt eitt ok himinn);allt at einu, nevertheless, for all that (þó at þú þjónaðir illum, þó var hann allt at einu þinn herra);4) indef. one, a certain (einn vetr, einn dag, eitt kveld);einn vinr Þóris, a certain friend of Th.;before numbers, about, some;einar fimm þúsundir, some five thousand;einir … aðrir, some … others (einir tóku dúka ok aðrir rekkjublæjur);einn ok ýmiss, one and another (einar ok ýmissar þjóðir);5) after a negation, any;né eitt, not anything;6) gen. pl. ‘einna’ used in an intensive sense;einna manna bezt, best of all (single) men;einna verst, by far the worst;einna sízt, by far the least, least of all;engi er einna hvatastr, no man is superior to all others;7) alone (Guðrún skyldi ein ráða fyrir fé þeirra);láta konu eina, to desert or divorce one’s wife;with gen., hann varð einn sinna manna, he was separated from his men;if put after the noun ‘einn’ generally denotes only, but;segja þetta prett einn, to call this a mere trick;vín eitt, wine only;var þat (handklæði) raufar einar, all in holes, mere tatters;fáir einir, only a few;einn sér or sér einn, quite by oneself, alone (hann var einn sér);einn saman, einn samt, quite alone;kona eigi ein saman, not alone, with child;at eins, only, but;eigi at eins, not only;því at eins, only in that case;údauðr at eins, merely not dead, all but dead, barely alive;at einu = at eins.* * *adj., pl. einir, acc. sing. einn, but also einan, esp. in the sense al-einan etc.; [Gr. εἱς, εν; Lat. ūnus, and early Lat. oinos; Ulf. ains; A. S. ân; Engl. one, in E. Engl. proncd. like stone, bone; Scot. ane; Swed. en; Dan. een]:—one.A. Cardinal number, one; einn, tveir, þrír …, opp. to báðir, fleiri, etc.; einum eðr fleirum, Grág. i. 108; eina sök eðr fleiri, 78; unnu báðir eins verk, Fas. i. 515; einum ok einum, one by one, ii. 252; tveir menn veðmæltu um einn grip, Grág. i. 412.2. in old poems it is used as an ordinal number; Urð hétu eina, aðra Verðandi, Vsp. 20; segðu þat it eina …, opp. to þat it annat, Vþm. 20; hjálp heitir eitt, help ranks first, Hm. 147, Vkv. 2; but this use is quite obsolete.3. with the notion of sameness, one and the same (unus et idem;) í einu húsi, in the same house, Grág. ii. 42; ein ero lög um, hvárt sem ero naut eðr sauðir, i. 422; allt á eina leið, all one way, Fms. ii. 315; til einnar gistingar báðir, vii. 274; í einu brjósti, Alm. 36; allr einn, the very same, Nj. 213.II. indefinite, a, an, a certain one; einn vetr, a winter, Fms. i. 57; einn dag, x. 11, Fas. i. 514; eitt kveld, Ld. 38; einn hinn versti maðr, Fær. 91; Breiðlingr einn, a man from Broaddale, Sturl. ii. 249; einn vinr Þóris, a certain friend of Thorir, Fms. vi. 277: einn as the indefinite article is hardly found in old writers; and though it is freq. in the Bible, sermons, hymns, etc., since the Reformation, it was no doubt borrowed from the German, and has never been naturalised.β. about, before numbers; ein tvau hundruð vaðmála, about two hundred pieces, Sks. 30; einar fimm þúsudir, about three thousand, Al. 111,—obsolete, in mod. usage hérum-bil or the like.III. alone, Gr. μόνος, Lat. solus, used both in sing. and plur.; Guðrún skyldi ein ráða, Ld. 132; Hallr tók einn upp fang, 38; láta einan, to let alone; láttu mig Drottinn einan ekki, Pass. 34. 11; as a law term, to let one’s wife alone, þá lét hann eina Guðrúnu, Fms. x. 324 (cp. einlát); Gunnarr mundi vera einn heima, Nj. 113; sjá einn hlutr, that one thing only, 112; þau ein tíðendi (plur.), only such news, 242.β. if put after the noun, einn denotes, only, but, sheer, and is almost adverb.; segja þetta prett einn, a mere trick, Sturl. ii. 249; raufar einar, all in holes, Nj. 176; urðu borðin í blóði einu, the tables were bedabbled with blood all over, 270, Ó. H. 116; öll orðin at hvölum einum, all turned into whales, Fas. i. 372; gabb eitt ok háð, sheer mockery, Sks. 247; orð ein, mere words, Nj. 123; ígangs-klæði ein, Eg. 75; vin eitt, wine only, Gm. 19; heiptyrði ein, Fm. 9; hamingjur einar, Vþm. 49; ofsamenn einir, Ld. 158; þá nótt eina, for that one night, N. G. L. i. 240: also after an adj., lítið eina, only a little, Stj. 177; þat eina, er hann ætti sjálfr, Eg. 47, Fms. v. 303; nema góðs eina, naught but good, Eg. 63; fátt eitt, few only, but few; vilt eitt, but what is agreeable, Hm. 125; mikit eitt skala manni gefa, a proverb, ‘small gifts shew great love,’ 51; sá einn, er …, he only, who …, 17; satt eitt, sooth only, Fm. 9; the sense differs according as the adj. is placed before or after the noun, einn Guð, the one God; but, Guð einn, God only, none but God.IV. plur. in a distributive sense, single; ein gjöld, a single weregild, opp. to tvenn, þrenn, fern, double, triple, quadruple, Grág. ii. 232; thus Icel. say, einir sokkar, skór, vetlingar, a pair of socks, shoes, gloves; einar brækr, a pair of breeches; also with nouns which have only plur., e. g. ein, tvenn, þrenn Jól, one, two, three Christmasses ( Yules); einar (tvennar) dyrr, a single … door; eina Páska, one Easter.V. gen. pl. einna is used in an intensive sense; einna manna bezt, best of all single men, Fms. ix. 258; í mesta lagi einna manna, foremost of all single men, Bjarn. 65; fátt er svá einna hluta, at örvænt sé at hitti annat slíkt, Ó. H. 75.β. ellipt., manna, hluta, or the like being omitted, einna becomes almost an adverbial phrase, by far, exceedingly; at engi viti einna miklogi görr (= einna manna), that no one ( no single man) shall know it much better, Grág. i. 2; einna verst, by far the worst, Orkn. 162, Nj. 38; einna sizt, by far the least, least of all, Fms. i. 37; einna mest verðr, Ld. 8; er einna var ríkastr, who was the mightiest of all, Fms. i. 297; engan rétt einna meir kunnan at göra (= einna rétta meir), Sks. 22; engi er einna hvatastr (= e. manna), there is none so mighty but be may find his match, Hm. 63: in mod. usage einna, joined with a superlative, is used adverbially, e. beztr, e. fljótastr, the best, the fleetest, but in a somewhat depreciatory sense.VI. used adverb.:1. gen. sing. eins,α. eins ok, as, as if; eins ok væri hann með öllu óttalauss, Hkr. iii. 275; allt eins ok ( just as) rakkar metja með tungu, Stj. 392.β. likewise, in the same way; mikill þorri var þat er þær sögðu eins báðar, Landn. (Hb.) 320; this use of eins is very rare in old writers, but freq. in mod. use; in the spoken language at least ‘eins’ (= as) has almost replaced the old ‘sem.’γ. only; er ek hefi áðr spurn til eins, Fms. iv. 139 (rare).δ. at eins, only, but, Grág. i. 235; vel at eins, ironically, well enough, Ld. 248; eigi at eins, not only, Fms. i. 266; með sínum at eins kostnaði, vii. 184; því at eins, only in that case, Nj. 228; þar at eins, Ísl. ii. 400; allt eins, not the less for that, 216: in mod. use, just as (vide allr A. V. 5).2. dat. at einu = at eins; údauðr at einu, Ld. 242; því at einu = því at eins, Fms. iv. 195; því at einu er rétt …, Grág. i. 164; svá at einu, id., Nj. 103; sá evkr syndir sínar at einu, he but adds to his sins, Hom. 157; allt at einu, all the same, Ísl. ii. 216, v. l.: af því einu, only because, Mork. 140.B. Joined to another pronominal adj. or adv.:I. einn hverr, adj. pron., in old writers usually in two words and with a double declension (see below), but now and then (and in mod. usage always) in a single word, einn being indecl.; einhverja (acc. f.), Hbl. 30; einhverjum (dat. sing.), Hm. 122, Fms. x. 71; einhverjo héraði, Al. 98, Nj. 2; einhverra (gen.), Fms. iv. 75; einhverir (nom. pl.), viii. 202; einhver, einhverir, etc.: the form eins-hverr is peculiar, keeping the gen. indecl. through all the cases, nom. einshverr, N. G. L. i. 6; acc. einshverja, Stj. 156, 655 xxxii. 18, Gþl. 135; dat. einshverjum, Stj. 22, 442, 448; this form seems to be chiefly Norse, is very rare in old writers, and now quite obsolete; neut. sing. eitthvert, Vm. 73, or eitthvat, Stj. 442, the mod. usage makes a distinction, and uses eitthvert only as adj., eitthvað as subst.:1. each one, each single one; maðr er einn hverr, Edda 108; þær eru svá margar, at ein hver má vel endask, Eg. 414; ór þeirra fjórðungi sem ór einum hverjum öðrum, Íb. ch. 5; skal einn hverr ( each) þeirra nefna sér vátta, Grág. i. 74; jafnmikinn arf sem einn hverr ( each) sona hans, Sturl. ii. 77; fátt er svá herra einhverra hluta, of any single thing, Fms. iv. 175.β. joined to a superl. it strengthens the sense; ágætastr maðr einn hverr, one of the very first men, Nj. 282; vinsælastr höfðingi einhverr, highly popular, Fms. vii. 4; einhver drengilegust vörn, ix. 515.2. in an indefinite sense, some, somebody, a certain one; eitthvert ríki, Sks. 350; eina hverja nótt, some night, 686 B. 4; eitthvert sinn, once, sometime, Sturl. i. 77, Nj. 79; einhverju sinni, id., 2; einhvern dag, some day, Fms. v. 177, Ísl. ii. 212; eina hverja þessa tíð, about this time, N. G. L. i. 355; til einnar hverrar stefnu, to some meeting, Fb. i. 354; eins-hverja hluti, Stj. 156; með eins-hverjum sveini, 442; at ekki sé minna vert, at hlýða prests-messu nývígðs hinni fyrstu, heldr en biskups-messu einhverri, Bs. i. 131.β. used as subst.; einn hverr várr búandanna, Fms. i. 34; einn hvern manna hans, Eg. 258; einhverr í hverjum dal, Ld. 258, Nj. 192.γ. einhver-staðar (eins-hver-staðar, Fms. vii. 84), adv. somewhere, Grett. 130, Fms. iv. 57, Sd. 181.II. einn-saman, adj. ‘one together’ (vide einsamall), i. e. quite alone; maðrinn lifir ekki af einu-saman brauði, Matth. iv. 4; með einni-saman sinni sýn, með einni-saman sinni þefan, Stj. 93; ef útlegðir fara einar-saman, if it be solely a matter of outlay ( fine), Grág. i. 103; ef þat færi eitt-saman, ii. 10: of a woman, vera eigi ein-saman, to be not alone, to be with a child, Fms. iii. 109.III. with other words; einir … ýmissir, ‘one and sundry;’ various, mixed, Stj. 88, 204; eina hluti ok ýmissa, Fb. i. 191.β. hverr ok einn, ‘each and one,’ every one, 677. 1, H. E. i. 393, Rb. 492; fyrir hvern mun ok einn, Fas. i. 396.γ. einn ok sér-hverr, one and all.δ. einn sér, apart, for oneself, alone; Múspells-synir hafa einir sér fylking, Edda 41; einn sér, sole, Fms. ii. 308; sér einir, Sturl. ii. 53: metaph. singular, peculiar, ein var hón sér í lýðsku, Fs. 30.ε. sér-hverr, adj. every one, q. v.: eins-konar, adv. of one kind, Skálda 165; mod. indef. of a certain kind, a kind of: eins-kostar, adv. particularly, Ísl. ii. 322, Mork. 81.ζ. né einn, not one, none; in old writers usually so, but now and then contracted neinn (q. v.), and in mod. usage always so; né eina sekð, Grág. i. 136; né eitt úhreint, Stj. 409; né einu sinni, not once, Fms. xi. 13; né eins, not a single thing, 112; né eina herferð, vii. 28.η. fáir einir, only a few, in mod. usage in one word, nom. fáeinir, dat. fáeinum, gen. fáeinna: ein-stakr, single, q. v.: al-einn, alone, q. v.: ein-mana, q. v. (cp. Gr. μόνος): einum-megin, adv. on one side, Nj. 248 (vide vegr). -
10 simple
simple [sɛ̃pl]1. adjectivea. simple ; [nœud, cornet de glace] single• pour faire simple... (faire les choses simplement) to make things simple... ; (dire les choses simplement) to put it simply...b. ( = modeste) [personne] unpretentiousc. ( = de condition modeste) ce sont des gens simples they are simple folkd. ( = naïf) simplee. ( = ordinaire) [particulier, salarié] ordinary• vous obtiendrez le cadeau sur simple envoi de ce bon for your free gift, simply send us this voucher• vous obtiendrez des informations sur simple appel simply pick up the phone and you will get all the information you need2. masculine noun• les prix peuvent varier du simple au double prices can vary by as much as 100%• simple messieurs/dames men's/women's singles* * *sɛ̃pl
1.
1) ( facile)c'est (bien) simple, il ne fait plus rien — he simply doesn't do anything any more
2) ( sans prétention) [repas, cérémonie, mariage, vie, goûts] simple; [décoration, intérieur] plain; [vêtement] simple, plain; [personne, air] unaffected, unpretentious3) ( modeste) [origines] modest4) ( ordinaire) [fonctionnaire, travailleur] ordinarymême en hiver, il n'est vêtu que d'une simple chemise — even in winter he only ou just wears a shirt
ce ne sera qu'une simple formalité/vérification — it will be a mere formality/a simple check
réduire quelque chose à sa plus simple expression — to reduce something to a minimum, to pare something down to basics
5) ( peu intelligent) [personne] simple6) Chimie, Botanique simple7) Linguistique [passé, futur] simple8) ( non multiple) [cornet de glace, nœud] single
2.
nom masculin1) ( dans un calcul)2) Sportsimple dames/messieurs — ladies'/men's singles (pl)
* * *sɛ̃pl1. adj1) (pas compliqué) (personne, méthode, chose) simple2) (non multiple) single3) (avant le nom) (= ordinaire)2. nm1) TENNIS (= match)2)3. simples nmplMÉDECINE medicinal plants* * *A adj1 ( facile) [problème, question, situation, idée] simple, straightforward; [choix, moyen, façon, explication, calcul] simple; son raisonnement est très simple his/her reasoning is very simple; je veux des phrases simples mais correctes I want simple but correct sentences; la situation est loin d'être simple the situation is far from (being) simple ou straightforward; c'est (bien) simple, il ne fait plus rien he simply doesn't do anything any more; pourquoi faire simple quand on peut faire compliqué? iron why not make life even more difficult for yourself?;2 ( sans prétention) [repas, cérémonie, mariage, vie, goûts] simple; [décoration, intérieur] plain; [vêtement] simple, plain; [personne, air] unaffected, unpretentious; elle portait une jupe toute simple she was wearing a very simple ou plain skirt; elle est simple et naturelle she's unaffected and natural; il est resté très simple malgré son succès he's remained very unpretentious in spite of his success;4 ( ordinaire) [avertissement, remarque] mere; [fonctionnaire, travailleur] ordinary; c'est une simple question d'honneur/de bon sens it's simply ou purely a question of honourGB/of common sense; un simple tour de clé suffit just one turn of the key does it; il est simple garçon de café/employé du bureau he's just a waiter in a café/a clerk; il l'a mis KO d'un simple coup de poing he knocked him out with a single blow; même en hiver, il n'est vêtu que d'une simple chemise even in winter he only ou just wears a shirt; pour la simple raison que for the simple reason that; le simple fait de poser la question the mere fact of asking the question; par simple curiosité out of pure curiosity; sur simple présentation du passeport simply on presentation of one's passport; ce ne sera qu'une simple formalité/vérification it will be a mere formality/a simple check; réduire qch à sa plus simple expression to reduce sth to a minimum;5 ( peu intelligent) [personne] simple; il est gentil mais un peu simple he's nice but a bit simple;7 Ling [passé, futur] simple;8 ( non multiple) [cornet de glace, nœud] single.B nm1 ( dans un calcul) le prix varie du simple au double the price can turn out to be twice as high;simple d'esprit simple-minded; c'est un or il est simple d'esprit he's simple-minded; simple soldat private.[sɛ̃pl] adjectifc'est très simple à utiliser it's very easy ou simple to usec'est une simple question d'argent it's simply ou only a matter of moneypour la simple raison que... for the simple reason that...vous aurez une démonstration gratuite sur simple appel all you need do is (to) ou simply phone this number for a free demonstrationce n'est qu'une simple formalité it's merely a ou it's a mere formality————————[sɛ̃pl] nom masculin1. [ce qui est facile]2. [proportion]simple messieurs/dames men's/ladies' singles————————simples nom masculin plurielmedicinal herbs ou plantssimple d'esprit nom masculinsimple d'esprit locution adjectivale -
11 disminución
f.decrease, abatement, decline, reduction.* * *1 decrease, reduction\ir en disminución to diminish, decrease* * *noun f.decrease, drop, fall* * *SF1) (=reducción) [de población, cantidad] decrease, drop, fall; [de precios, temperaturas] drop, fall; [de velocidad] decrease, reductionuna disminución en las importaciones — a drop o fall in imports
uno de los síntomas es la disminución de la actividad política — one of the symptoms is a decrease in political activity
continuar sin disminución — to continue unchecked o unabated
2) (Med) [de dolor] reduction; [de fiebre] drop, fall3) (Cos) [de puntos] decreasing* * *a) (de gastos, salarios, precios) decrease, drop, fall; ( de población) decrease, fallb) (de entusiasmo, interés) waning, dwindlingc) ( al tejer) decreasing* * *= decline, drop, dropping off, lessening, shortfall [short-fall], shrinkage, diminution, abatement, deceleration, falling-off, waning, downward spiral, fall, slowdown, ebbing, minimisation [minimization, -USA], depletion, subsidence, lowering, effacement.Ex. Library automation was in its ascendancy at precisely the same time that the nation's economy was firmly embarked on its present calamitous decline.Ex. Perfect recall can only be achieved by a drop in the proportion of relevant documents considered.Ex. There is a sharp dropping off, particularly where activities require going beyond the library walls = Se da un marcado descenso, especialmente allí donde las actividades necesitan ir más allá de los muros de la biblioteca.Ex. It was concluded that when one tries to hold the fragile interest (through library publications) of a new customer, a mere lessening of sentence and word lengths work wonders in preventing the impeding of that interest.Ex. It seems likely that it is between 80-90% complete but since there are some notable absentees the shortfall in total coverage is a significant one.Ex. DBMS systems aim to allow data to be re-organised to accommodate growth, shrinkage and so on.Ex. Most adults feel the awakening of interest in biography and a diminution at the same time of the fondness for fiction.Ex. The asbestos literature is discussed under its industrial, medical, legal, control and abatement aspects.Ex. He observes that at the junction points of sciences there is an almost twofold deceleration of the processes of application and spreading of knowledge.Ex. A slight decline -- about 1% -- in the book title output of US publishers took place in 1988, compared with 1987, largely attributable to a falling-off of mass market paperback output, especially in fiction.Ex. This article discusses the impact of growing number of students and waning financial resources on library services and acquisition focusing on book shortages, security problems and inadequacy of staffing.Ex. The downward spiral of increasing serial prices and decreasing subscriptions is well documented.Ex. There has been a rapid increase in the number and costs of science, technology and medicine scholarly titles in recent years, and a fall in subscriptions.Ex. A new solution to the problem of predicting cyclical highs and lows in the economy enables one to gauge whether an incipient economic downswing will turn out to be a slowdown in economic growth or a real recession.Ex. The article is entitled 'The ebbing of municipal documents and the flow of public information in New York'.Ex. A strategy for deciding the optimal volume of a library's periodical holdings is formulated, based on minimisation of the total costs incurred by the use of periodical articles.Ex. Results indicated that there will be a serious depletion of resources in library schools before the year 2001.Ex. Decision making by the Water Board on water levels was based on information on agricultural effects and the risk of damage to buildings and roads as a consequence of subsidence.Ex. Irrespective of the depth of indexing, however, the essential simplicity of post-coordinate indexing is a factor that can lead to a lowering of precision at the search stage.Ex. Meanwhile a coalition of cells has been effected at intervals through the effacement of their walls.----* disminución de la calidad = lowering of standards.* disminución de la confianza = sapping of confidence.* en disminución = dwindling, on the wane.* * *a) (de gastos, salarios, precios) decrease, drop, fall; ( de población) decrease, fallb) (de entusiasmo, interés) waning, dwindlingc) ( al tejer) decreasing* * *= decline, drop, dropping off, lessening, shortfall [short-fall], shrinkage, diminution, abatement, deceleration, falling-off, waning, downward spiral, fall, slowdown, ebbing, minimisation [minimization, -USA], depletion, subsidence, lowering, effacement.Ex: Library automation was in its ascendancy at precisely the same time that the nation's economy was firmly embarked on its present calamitous decline.
Ex: Perfect recall can only be achieved by a drop in the proportion of relevant documents considered.Ex: There is a sharp dropping off, particularly where activities require going beyond the library walls = Se da un marcado descenso, especialmente allí donde las actividades necesitan ir más allá de los muros de la biblioteca.Ex: It was concluded that when one tries to hold the fragile interest (through library publications) of a new customer, a mere lessening of sentence and word lengths work wonders in preventing the impeding of that interest.Ex: It seems likely that it is between 80-90% complete but since there are some notable absentees the shortfall in total coverage is a significant one.Ex: DBMS systems aim to allow data to be re-organised to accommodate growth, shrinkage and so on.Ex: Most adults feel the awakening of interest in biography and a diminution at the same time of the fondness for fiction.Ex: The asbestos literature is discussed under its industrial, medical, legal, control and abatement aspects.Ex: He observes that at the junction points of sciences there is an almost twofold deceleration of the processes of application and spreading of knowledge.Ex: A slight decline -- about 1% -- in the book title output of US publishers took place in 1988, compared with 1987, largely attributable to a falling-off of mass market paperback output, especially in fiction.Ex: This article discusses the impact of growing number of students and waning financial resources on library services and acquisition focusing on book shortages, security problems and inadequacy of staffing.Ex: The downward spiral of increasing serial prices and decreasing subscriptions is well documented.Ex: There has been a rapid increase in the number and costs of science, technology and medicine scholarly titles in recent years, and a fall in subscriptions.Ex: A new solution to the problem of predicting cyclical highs and lows in the economy enables one to gauge whether an incipient economic downswing will turn out to be a slowdown in economic growth or a real recession.Ex: The article is entitled 'The ebbing of municipal documents and the flow of public information in New York'.Ex: A strategy for deciding the optimal volume of a library's periodical holdings is formulated, based on minimisation of the total costs incurred by the use of periodical articles.Ex: Results indicated that there will be a serious depletion of resources in library schools before the year 2001.Ex: Decision making by the Water Board on water levels was based on information on agricultural effects and the risk of damage to buildings and roads as a consequence of subsidence.Ex: Irrespective of the depth of indexing, however, the essential simplicity of post-coordinate indexing is a factor that can lead to a lowering of precision at the search stage.Ex: Meanwhile a coalition of cells has been effected at intervals through the effacement of their walls.* disminución de la calidad = lowering of standards.* disminución de la confianza = sapping of confidence.* en disminución = dwindling, on the wane.* * *1 (de gastos, salarios, precios) decrease, drop, fall; (de la población) decrease, fallla disminución de las tarifas the lowering of o reduction in chargesla disminución de la población estudiantil the decrease o fall in the student population2 (del entusiasmo, interés) waning, dwindlinguna disminución del interés del público waning o dwindling public interest3 (al tejer) decreasing* * *
disminución sustantivo femenino
decrease, fall;
( de temperatura) drop;
( de tarifa) reduction
disminución sustantivo femenino decrease, drop
' disminución' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
distensión
English:
decline
- decrease
- shrinkage
- fall
- slump
* * *disminución nf[de cantidad, velocidad, intensidad] decrease, decline (de in); [de precios, temperaturas] fall (de in); [de interés] decline, waning (de of);la disminución del desempleo/de la contaminación the decrease in unemployment/pollution;una disminución salarial a decrease o drop in wages;ir en disminución to be on the decrease* * *f decrease* * ** * *disminución n fall / drop -
12 elevar
v.1 to lift (levantar) (peso, objeto).Ella elevó la carga al techo She lifted the load to the roof.2 to raise (increase) (precio, cantidad).La máquina elevó la temperatura The machine raised the temperature.Ella elevó la bandera She raised the flag.3 to raise (Mat).elevar x al cuadrado/al cubo to square/cube xdiez elevado a quince ten to the fifteenth (power)4 to elevate.lo elevaron a la categoría de héroe they made him into a hero5 to present (propuesta, quejas).6 to uplift, to lift, to exalt, to inspire.El sacrificio elevó su espíritu The sacrifice uplifted his spirit.7 to bolster up, to raise.Su sonrisa eleva los ánimos Her smile bolsters up the spirits.* * *1 (peso etc) to elevate, raise, lift2 (precios) to raise, increase, put up; (tono, voz) to raise3 (enaltecer) to promote, raise4 MATEMÁTICAS to raise1 (subir) to rise (up)2 (alcanzar) to reach3 (erguirse, levantarse) to stand4 (sumar) to amount to, come to5 figurado (engreírse) to become conceited* * *verb1) to raise, lift2) increase3) promote•- elevarse- elevarse a* * *1. VT1) (=levantar) [+ objeto, brazos] to raiseuna sinfonía que eleva el espíritu — a symphony that is spiritually uplifting o that uplifts the spirit
2) (=aumentar)a) [+ precio, tipo, temperatura, calidad] to raiseel consumo de huevos eleva el nivel de colesterol — eating eggs increases o raises one's cholesterol level
el juez le elevó la condena a dos años — the judge increased (the length of) his sentence to two years
b) [+ voz] to raise3) [+ muro] to raise, make higher4)lo elevaron al pontificado — he was made Pope, he was elevated to the pontificate frm
elevaron a su ídolo a la categoría de dios — they raised o elevated frm their idol to the level of a god
5) [+ petición, solicitud] to present, submitelevó una petición al Tribunal Supremo — he presented o submitted an appeal to the High Court, he appealed to the High Court
6) (Mat)7) (Elec) [+ voltaje] to boost8) Chile * (=reprender) to tell off *2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1) (frml)elevó los brazos al cielo — (liter) he raised (up) his arms to heaven (liter)
b) <espíritu/mente> to upliftc) <muro/nivel> to raise, make... higher2) (frml)a) ( aumentar) <precios/impuestos> to raise, increase; < nivel de vida> to raiseb) <voz/tono> to raise3) (frml) ( en jerarquía) to elevate (frml)4) (Mat)5) (frml) (presentar, dirigir)2.elevar algo a alguien — <informe/protesta> to present o submit something to somebody
elevarse v pron1) ( tomar altura) avión/cometa to climb, gain height; globo to rise, gain height2) (frml) ( aumentar) temperatura to rise; precios/impuestos to rise, increase; tono/voz to rise3) (frml) ( ascender)elevarse a algo: la cifra se elevaba ya al 13% — the figure had already reached 13%
4) (liter) montaña/edificio to stand, rise (liter)* * *= heighten, elevate, uplift, bring up, hoist, take + Nombre + to greater heights, raise.Ex. Automated support services have heightened the sense of interdependency between libraries and vendors.Ex. Some of the things that are said about genuine bookselling do at times seem to elevate this occupation to a level far beyond mere commerce.Ex. This article discusses the implementation of a carefully devised approach to uplift standards of reading.Ex. Matrix and mould were pivoted and were brought up to the nozzle of a metal pump for the moment of casting, and then swung back to eject the new-made letter.Ex. The Supreme Court of India has declared that hoisting the tricolour is a fundamental right that the government cannot legislate away.Ex. He headed one of the largest accounting firms in the country and took it to greater heights.Ex. The speaker said that James estimated people function at only 20% of their capacity, and concluded that they could raise this percentage considerable if they knew how to manage their time more efficiently.----* elevar con grúa = winch.* elevar con polea = winch.* elevarse = soar, tower above/over.* * *1.verbo transitivo1) (frml)elevó los brazos al cielo — (liter) he raised (up) his arms to heaven (liter)
b) <espíritu/mente> to upliftc) <muro/nivel> to raise, make... higher2) (frml)a) ( aumentar) <precios/impuestos> to raise, increase; < nivel de vida> to raiseb) <voz/tono> to raise3) (frml) ( en jerarquía) to elevate (frml)4) (Mat)5) (frml) (presentar, dirigir)2.elevar algo a alguien — <informe/protesta> to present o submit something to somebody
elevarse v pron1) ( tomar altura) avión/cometa to climb, gain height; globo to rise, gain height2) (frml) ( aumentar) temperatura to rise; precios/impuestos to rise, increase; tono/voz to rise3) (frml) ( ascender)elevarse a algo: la cifra se elevaba ya al 13% — the figure had already reached 13%
4) (liter) montaña/edificio to stand, rise (liter)* * *= heighten, elevate, uplift, bring up, hoist, take + Nombre + to greater heights, raise.Ex: Automated support services have heightened the sense of interdependency between libraries and vendors.
Ex: Some of the things that are said about genuine bookselling do at times seem to elevate this occupation to a level far beyond mere commerce.Ex: This article discusses the implementation of a carefully devised approach to uplift standards of reading.Ex: Matrix and mould were pivoted and were brought up to the nozzle of a metal pump for the moment of casting, and then swung back to eject the new-made letter.Ex: The Supreme Court of India has declared that hoisting the tricolour is a fundamental right that the government cannot legislate away.Ex: He headed one of the largest accounting firms in the country and took it to greater heights.Ex: The speaker said that James estimated people function at only 20% of their capacity, and concluded that they could raise this percentage considerable if they knew how to manage their time more efficiently.* elevar con grúa = winch.* elevar con polea = winch.* elevarse = soar, tower above/over.* * *elevar [A1 ]vtA ( frml)1 (levantar) ‹objeto› to raise, liftla grúa elevó el cajón hasta la cubierta the crane hoisted o raised o lifted the crate onto the deckmúsica que eleva el espíritu (spiritually) uplifting musicelevemos nuestros corazones al Señor let us lift up our hearts to the Lord2 ‹muro/nivel› to raise, make … higherB ( frml)1 (aumentar) ‹precios/impuestos› to raise, increaseelevar el nivel de vida to raise the standard of livingel juez elevó la pena the judge increased the (length of) the sentence2 ‹voz/tono› to raiseD ( Mat):elevar un número a la sexta potencia to raise a number to the power of sixelevar al cuadrado to squareelevar al cubo to cubeE (presentar, dirigir) elevar algo A algn to present o submit sth TO sbelevaron una protesta a las autoridades they presented o submitted a letter of protest to the authorities, they protested to the authoritieselevaron el recurso al Tribunal Supremo they appealed to the Supreme Court, they presented o submitted the appeal to the Supreme Court■ elevarseA (tomar altura) «avión/cometa» to climb, gain height; «globo» to rise, gain heightB ( frml) (aumentar) «temperatura» to rise; «precios/impuestos» to rise, increase; «tono/voz» to riseC ( frml) (ascender) elevarse A algo:el número de víctimas se eleva a diez ten people have been killedla cifra se elevaba ya al 13% the figure had already reached o already stood at o was already at 13%la Cordillera se eleva majestuosa the mountain range rises majestically* * *
elevar ( conjugate elevar) verbo transitivo
1 (frml)
2 (frml)
‹ nivel de vida› to raise
elevarse verbo pronominal
1 ( tomar altura) [avión/cometa] to climb, gain height;
[ globo] to rise, gain height
2 (frml) ( aumentar) [ temperatura] to rise;
[precios/impuestos] to rise, increase;
[tono/voz] to rise
3 (frml) ( ascender):◊ la cifra se elevaba ya al 13% the figure had already reached 13%
elevar verbo transitivo
1 to raise
2 Mat to raise (to the power of)
elevar al cuadrado, to square
elevar al cubo, to cube
elevado a la cuarta, etc, potencia, to raise to the power of four, etc
' elevar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cuadrada
- cuadrado
- elevarse
- subir
- cubo
- erigir
- levantar
English:
cube
- elevate
- elevation
- enhance
- glance up
- square
- exalt
- raise
- up
* * *♦ vt1. [levantar] [peso, objeto] to lift;elevaron los muebles con poleas they lifted the furniture with pulleys;elevar la moral de los jugadores to boost the players' morale2. [aumentar] [precio, nivel] to raise;[cantidad] to increase;elevar las ventas/ganancias to increase sales/profits;elevar el tono de voz to raise one's voice;elevaron a dos meses el plazo de matriculación they extended the enrolment period to two months3. Mat to raise;elevar x al cuadrado/al cubo to square/cube x;diez elevado a quince ten to the fifteenth (power)4. [encumbrar] to elevate (a to);fue elevado al cargo de director he was promoted to the post of director;lo elevaron a la categoría de héroe they made him into a hero5. [presentar] [queja, recurso] to lodge, to present;[propuesta] to submit, to present;elevaremos un escrito de protesta al concejal we shall present a formal protest to o lodge a formal protest with the councillor;elevar un recurso de apelación al Supremo to lodge an appeal with o to present an appeal to the Supreme Court;elevó una instancia al ministerio he lodged an appeal with the Ministry* * *v/t1 raise2 MAT:elevar al cuadrado raise to the power of four* * *elevar vt1) alzar: to raise, to lift2) aumentar: to raise, to increase3) : to elevate (in a hierarchy), to promote4) : to present, to submit* * *elevar vb to raise -
13 मात्र _mātra
मात्र a. (-त्रा, -त्री f.) [मा-त्रन्] An affix added to nouns in the sense of 'measuring as much as', 'as high or long, or broad as', 'reaching as far as', as in ऊरुमात्री भित्तिः; पञ्चदशयोजनमात्रमध्वानमतिचक्राम K.; (in this sense the word may as well be considered to be मात्रा at the end of comp. q. v. below).-त्रः A Brāhmaṇa of the lower order (by brith).-त्रम् 1 A measure, whether of length, breadth, height, size, space, dis- tance or number; अग्रे तिष्ठत मात्रं मे Bhāg.6.11.5; usually at the end of comp, i. e. अङ्गुलिमात्रम् a 'finger's breadth'; किंचिन्मात्रं गत्वा 'to some distance'; क्रोशमात्रे 'at the distance of a Krośa', रेखामात्रमपि 'even the breadth of a line, as much as a line'; रेखामात्रमपि क्षुण्णादा मनोर्वर्त्मनः परम्, (न व्यतीयुः) R.1.17; so क्षणमात्रम्, निमिष- मात्रम् 'the space of an instant', शतमात्र 'a hundred in number'; so गजमात्र 'as high or big as an elephant'; तालमात्र, यवमात्र &c.-2 The full measure of anything, the whole or entire class of things, totality; जीवमात्रम् or प्राणिमात्रम् 'the entire class of living beings'; मनुष्य- मात्रो मर्त्यः 'every man is mortal'; वस्तुमात्रपक्षको$नुपसंहारी (हेतुः) Tarka K.; मानुषमात्रदुष्करं कर्मानुष्ठितम् Dk.-3 The simple measure of anything, the one thing and no more, often translateable by 'mere', 'only', 'even'; जातिमात्रेण H.1.58 'by mere caste', टिट्टिभमात्रेण समुद्रो व्याकुलीकृतः 2.149. 'by a mere wag-tail', वाचामात्रेण जाप्यसे Ś.2 'merely by words'; so अर्थमात्रम्, संमानमात्रम् Pt.1.83; used with past participles मात्र may be translated by 'as soon as', 'no sooner than', 'just'; विद्धमात्रः R.5.51 'as soon as pierced'; 'when just pierced'; भुक्तमात्रे 'just after eating'; प्रविष्टमात्र एव तत्र- भवति Ś.3 &c.-4 An element, elementary matter; अहं पयो ज्योतिरथानिलो नभो मात्राणि देवा मन इन्द्रियाणि Bhāg. 1.59.31. -
14 tout
c black tout, toute [tu, tut]━━━━━━━━━1. adjective3. adverb━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque tout fait partie d'une locution comme en tout cas, tout le temps, reportez-vous aussi à l'autre mot.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. <a. ( = entier)b. ( = unique) only• pour tout mobilier, il avait un lit et une table the only furniture he had was a bed and a tablec. (indéfini)2. <• tout ce que je sais, c'est qu'il est parti all I know is that he's gone• ne croyez pas tout ce qu'il raconte don't believe everything he tells you► tout ce qu'il y a de ( = extrêmement) most• c'était tout ce qu'il y a de chic it was the last word in chic► avoir tout de + nom• l'organisation a tout d'une secte the organization is nothing less than a sect► à tout va (inf) [licencier, investir, recruter] like mad (inf) ; [libéralisme, communication, consommation] unbridled• à l'époque, on construisait à tout va at that time there were buildings going up everywhere► en tout ( = au total) in all• ça coûte 1 000 € en tout it costs 1,000 euros in all• leurs programmes politiques s'opposent en tout their political programmes clash in every way► en tout et pour tout all in all• il lui reste 150 euros en tout et pour tout he only has a total of 150 euros left► et tout (inf) and everything• avec les vacances et tout, je n'ai pas eu le temps what with the holidays and all (inf), I didn't have time• j'avais préparé le dîner, fait le ménage et tout et tout I'd made the dinner, done the housework and everything► c'est + tout• ce sera tout ? will that be all?• et ce n'est pas tout ! and that's not all!• c'est pas tout ça, mais il est tard (inf) all this is very nice, but it's getting late► ce n'est pas tout de• ce n'est pas tout de faire son métier, il faut le faire bien it's not enough just to do your job, you have to do it well• cette idée avait surpris et pour tout dire n'avait pas convaincu this idea surprised everybody and, to be honest, wasn't convincing• écoutez bien tous ! listen, all of you!━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━✦ The final s of tous is pronounced only when it is a pronoun.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━3. <a. ► tout + adjectif ( = très) very ; ( = entièrement) quite• toute petite, elle aimait la campagne as a very small child she liked the country► tout (+ en) + nom• je suis tout ouïe ! I'm all ears!• le jardin est tout en fleurs the garden is a mass of flowers► tout + adverbeb. ( = déjà) tout prêtc. ► tout en + participe présent• je suis incapable de travailler tout en écoutant de la musique I can't work and listen to music at the same time• tout en prétendant le contraire il voulait être élu although he pretended otherwise he wanted to be electedd. (locutions)• vous êtes d'accord ? -- tout à fait ! do you agree? -- absolutely!► tout à l'heure ( = plus tard) later ; ( = peu avant) a short while ago• tout à l'heure tu as dit que... you said earlier that...• ce n'est pas pour tout de suite ( = ce n'est pas près d'arriver) it won't happen overnight ; ( = c'est improbable) it's hardly likely to happen4. <a. ( = ensemble) whole• prendre le tout to take all of it (or them)b. ( = essentiel) le tout c'est de faire vite the main thing is to be quick about it• ce n'est pas le tout de s'amuser, il faut travailler there's more to life than enjoying yourself, people have got to workc. (locutions)► du tout• pas du tout ! not at all!* * *tu
1.
en tout — ( au total) in all; ( entièrement) in every respect
tout bien compté or pesé or considéré — all in all
tout est là — fig that's the whole point
et tout et tout — (colloq) and all that sort of thing
ce n'est pas tout (que) de commencer un travail, il faut le finir — it's not enough ou it's all very well to start off a job, it's got to be finished
2) tous tus, toutes ( la totalité des êtres ou choses) all; (la totalité des éléments d'une catégorie, d'un groupe) all of them/us/youtoutes tant qu'elles sont — all of them, each and every one of them
est-ce que ça conviendra à tous? — will it suit everybody ou everyone?
2.
1) ( exprimant la totalité)bois tout ton lait — drink all your milk, drink up your milk
2) ( véritable)c'est tout un travail/événement — it's quite a job/an event
3) (devant ce qui/que/dont) ( l'ensemble) all; ( toutes les choses) everything; ( sans discrimination) anything‘tu en es sûr?’ - ‘tout ce qu'il y a de plus sûr’ — ‘are you sure?’ - ‘as sure as can be’
4) ( n'importe quel) anyà tout moment — ( n'importe quand) at any time; ( sans cesse) constantly
5) ( total)en toute innocence/franchise — in all innocence/honesty
6) (unique, seul)il a souri pour toute réponse — his only reply was a smile, he smiled by way of a reply
on lui donne quelques légumes pour tous gages — all that he gets in the way of wages is a few vegetables
en toutes choses — in all things, in everything
toutes les pages sont déchirées — all the pages are torn, every page is torn
nous irons tous les deux — both of us will go, we'll both go
8) ( chaque) tous/toutes les every
3.
adverbe (normally invariable, but agrees in gender and in number with feminine adjective beginning with consonant or h-aspirate)1) (très, extrêmement) very, quite; ( entièrement) alltout étonnées/toutes honteuses — very surprised/ashamed
tout enfant, elle aimait déjà dessiner — as a small child she already liked to draw
être tout mouillé/sale — to be all wet/dirty
c'est tout autre chose, c'est une tout autre histoire — it's a different matter altogether
2) ( devant un nom)c'est tout le portrait de sa mère — she's the spitting ou very image of her mother
c'est tout l'inverse or le contraire — it's the very opposite
avec toi, c'est tout l'un ou tout l'autre — you see everything in black and white
3) ( tout à fait)tout à côté de/contre/en haut — right by/against/at the top
ils étaient tout en sang/en sueur — they were covered in blood/bathed in sweat
4) ( d'avance)5) ( en même temps) while; ( bien que) although6) (marquant la concession: quoique)tout malin/roi qu'il est, il... — he may be clever/a king, but he...
7) ( rien d'autre que)je suis tout ouïe — hum I'm all ears
4.
du tout locution adverbiale(pas) du tout, (point) du tout — not at all
5.
1) ( ensemble)former un tout — to make up ou form a whole
2)le tout — ( la totalité) the whole lot, the lot; ( l'essentiel) the main thing
le tout est de réussir — the main ou most important thing is to succeed
ce n'est pas le tout! — (colloq) this is no good!
6.
Tout- (in compounds)le Tout-Paris/-Londres — the Paris/London smart set
Phrasal Verbs:••
••
Quand tout fait partie d'une locution figée comme tous feux éteints, à tout hasard, de toute(s) part(s), tout compte fait, après tout etc, qu'il est fréquemment associé à un adjectif ou un adverbe donné comme tout nu, tout neuf, tout plein, tout simplement etc, la traduction sera donnée sous le terme principal1. Lorsque tout, adjectif singulier, exprime la totalité, plusieurs traductions sont possibles mais non toujours interchangeables. De manière généraleOn emploiera all lorsque le mot qualifié est non dénombrable: tout le vin/l'argent = all the wine/the money; tout ce bruit/leur talent = all that noise/their talent; c'est tout ce que je sais = that's all I knowOn emploiera the whole si tout peut être remplacé par entier: tout le gâteau/groupe = the whole cake/grouptout un dans le sens de entier se traduit toujours par a whole: tout un livre = a whole bookMais: connaître tout Zola/le Japon = to know the whole of Zola/Japan; lire tout ‘Les Misérables’ = to read the whole of ‘Les Misérables’; pendant tout mon séjour = for the whole of my stayAvec certains mots, en particulier les mots désignant la durée ( journée, mois, saison, vie, vacances etc), les collectifs tels que famille, on pourra employer all ou the whole, la seconde traduction étant légèrement plus emphatique: toute ma vie = all my life, the whole of my lifetout le pays/toute la ville = all the country/town ou = the whole country/town lorsque ces mots désignent la population; au sens géographique, seule la deuxième traduction convient2. throughout (ou all through) signifie du début à la fin, d'un bout à l'autre. On l'emploie souvent pour insister sur la durée ou l'étendue devant un terme singulier ou pluriel qui désigne l'espace de temps ou l'événement pendant lequel un fait a lieu, ou encore le territoire sur lequel il a lieu: pendant tout le match/tous ces mois = throughout the match/those months; la rumeur se répandit dans toute la province = the rumour [BrE] spread throughout the province; faire tout le trajet debout = to stand throughout the journey (ou for the whole journey); il neige sur toute la France = it's snowing throughout France (ou all over France)Au pluriel, tous, toutes se traduiront par all pour exprimer la totalité, par every pour insister sur les composants d'un ensemble, ou encore par any pour indiquer l'absence de discrimination. On notera que every and any sont suivis du singulier
••
Quand tout fait partie d'une locution figée comme tous feux éteints, à tout hasard, de toute(s) part(s), tout compte fait, après tout etc, qu'il est fréquemment associé à un adjectif ou un adverbe donné comme tout nu, tout neuf, tout plein, tout simplement etc, la traduction sera donnée sous le terme principal1. Lorsque tout, adjectif singulier, exprime la totalité, plusieurs traductions sont possibles mais non toujours interchangeables. De manière généraleOn emploiera all lorsque le mot qualifié est non dénombrable: tout le vin/l'argent = all the wine/the money; tout ce bruit/leur talent = all that noise/their talent; c'est tout ce que je sais = that's all I knowOn emploiera the whole si tout peut être remplacé par entier: tout le gâteau/groupe = the whole cake/grouptout un dans le sens de entier se traduit toujours par a whole: tout un livre = a whole bookMais: connaître tout Zola/le Japon = to know the whole of Zola/Japan; lire tout ‘Les Misérables’ = to read the whole of ‘Les Misérables’; pendant tout mon séjour = for the whole of my stayAvec certains mots, en particulier les mots désignant la durée ( journée, mois, saison, vie, vacances etc), les collectifs tels que famille, on pourra employer all ou the whole, la seconde traduction étant légèrement plus emphatique: toute ma vie = all my life, the whole of my lifetout le pays/toute la ville = all the country/town ou = the whole country/town lorsque ces mots désignent la population; au sens géographique, seule la deuxième traduction convient2. throughout (ou all through) signifie du début à la fin, d'un bout à l'autre. On l'emploie souvent pour insister sur la durée ou l'étendue devant un terme singulier ou pluriel qui désigne l'espace de temps ou l'événement pendant lequel un fait a lieu, ou encore le territoire sur lequel il a lieu: pendant tout le match/tous ces mois = throughout the match/those months; la rumeur se répandit dans toute la province = the rumour [BrE] spread throughout the province; faire tout le trajet debout = to stand throughout the journey (ou for the whole journey); il neige sur toute la France = it's snowing throughout France (ou all over France)Au pluriel, tous, toutes se traduiront par all pour exprimer la totalité, par every pour insister sur les composants d'un ensemble, ou encore par any pour indiquer l'absence de discrimination. On notera que every and any sont suivis du singulier* * *tu, tut tout, -e tous mpl toutes fpl1. adj1) (avec article singulier) alltoute la nuit — all night, the whole night
tout le temps — all the time, the whole time
c'est toute une affaire; c'est toute une histoire — it's quite a business, it's a whole rigmarole
2) (avec article pluriel) (= chaque) every, (idée d'intégralité) alltoutes les deux semaines — every other week, every two weeks
toutes les trois semaines — every three weeks, every third week
tous les deux; Nous y sommes allés tous les deux. — We both went., Both of us went.
Nous y sommes allés tous les trois. — All three of us went.
Je les ai invités tous les trois. — I invited all three of them.
3) (sans article) (= n'importe quel)à toute heure du jour ou de la nuit — at any time of the day or night, (= seul)
pour toute nourriture, il avait... — his only food was..., (= chaque)
de tous côtés; de toutes parts (= de partout) — from everywhere, from every side, (= partout) all around
2. prontous; toutes — all
Il a tout fait. — He did everything.
Il a tout organisé. — He organized everything.
Je les vois tous. — I can see them all., I can see all of them.
Je les connais tous. — I know them all., I know all of them.
Nous y sommes tous allés. — We all went., All of us went.
Nous y sommes toutes allées. — We all went., All of us went.
tout de...; Elle a tout d'une mère. — She's a real mother., She's a true mother.
en tout — all together, altogether
tout ce que...; tout ce qu'il sait — all he knows
C'était tout ce qu'il y a de plus chic. — It was the last word in chic., It was the ultimate in chic.
3. nmCeci forme un tout. — It forms a whole.
Je prends le tout. — I'll take it all., I'll take the whole lot.
le tout est de... — the main thing is to...
4. adv1) (= très, complètement) verytout près; tout à côté — very near
Elle habite tout près. — She lives very near.
le tout premier; la toute première — the very first
tout seul; toute seule — all alone
Il est tout seul. — He's all alone.
Elle est toute seule. — She's all alone.
Il était tout rouge. — He was all red in the face.
Elle était toute rouge. — She was all red in the face.
tout de suite — immediately, straight away
2)tout en... — while...
Il a fait son travail tout en chantant. — He sang as he worked., He sang while he worked.
tout à coup; tout d'un coup — suddenly
tout court; Charles-Henri, pouvez-vous... — Je vous en prie, appelez-moi Charles tout court. — Charles-Henri, could you... — Please, just call me Charles.
communication par internet, mais aussi communication tout court — communication via the internet, but also simply communication
tout à l'heure (passé) — just now, a short while ago
Je l'ai vu tout à l'heure. — I saw him just now., (futur) shortly, in a moment
Je finirai ça tout à l'heure. — I'll finish it in a moment.
* * *A pron indéf1 tout ( chaque chose) everything; ( n'importe quoi) anything; ( l'ensemble) all; penser à tout to think of everything; tout est prêt everything is ready; le sucre, les graisses, le sel, tout me fait mal sugar, fat, salt, everything is bad for me; être tout pour qn to be everything to sb; tout peut arriver anything can happen; le chien mange (de) tout the dog will eat anything; tout est prétexte à querelle(s) any pretext will do to start a quarrel; tout n'est pas perdu all is not lost; tout ou rien all or nothing; tout ou partie de qch all or part of sth; tout va bien all's well, everything's fine; en tout ( au total) in all; ( entièrement) in every respect; en tout et pour tout all told; et tout ça parce que/pour and all because/for; tout bien compté or pesé or considéré all in all; tout est là fig that's the whole point; c'est tout dire I need say no more; et tout et tout○ and all that sort of thing; et ce n'est pas tout! and that's not all!; ce n'est pas tout (que) de commencer un travail, il faut le finir it's not enough ou it's all very well to start off a job, it's got to be finished; avoir tout d'un singe/assassin to look just like a monkey/murderer; ⇒ bien, monde, salaire, or;2 tous, toutes ( la totalité des êtres ou choses) all; (la totalité des éléments d'une catégorie, d'un groupe) all of them/us/you; nous sommes tous des pécheurs we are all sinners; le film n'est pas à la portée de tous the film is not accessible to all; merci à tous thank you all; tous ensemble all together; ce sont tous d'anciens soldats all of them are ou they are all former soldiers; il les a tous cassés he has broken all of them, he's broken them all; il l'a dit devant nous tous he said it in front of all of us; leurs enfants, tous musiciens de talent their children, all of them talented musicians; tous ne sont pas d'accord not all of them agree; toutes tant qu'elles sont all of them, each and every one of them; vous tous qui le connaissez all of you who know him; écoutez-moi tous listen to me, all of you; est-ce que ça conviendra à tous? will it suit everybody ou everyone?B adj1 ( exprimant la totalité) bois tout ton lait drink all your milk, drink up your milk; tout le reste est à jeter everything else is to be thrown away; manger tout un pain to eat a whole loaf; tout Pompéi a été enseveli the whole of Pompeii was buried; tout Nice se réjouit the whole of ou all Nice rejoiced; il a plu toute la journée it rained all day (long) ou the whole day; pendant toute une année for a whole year; la semaine se passa toute à attendre the whole ou entire week was spent waiting; j'ai passé tout mon dimanche à travailler I spent the whole of ou all Sunday working; je ne l'ai pas vu de tout l'été I haven't seen him all summer; cet enfant est toute ma vie this child is my whole life; c'est tout le plaisir que tu y trouves? is that all the pleasure ou the only pleasure it gives you?; tout le problème est là that's where the problem lies; tout cela ne compte pas none of that counts; le meilleur dentiste de toute la ville the best dentist in town; tout le monde everybody; ⇒ cœur, monde, temps;2 ( véritable) c'est tout un travail/événement it's quite a job/an event; il a fait toute une histoire he made a real ou big fuss, he made quite a fuss; c'est tout un art there's a whole art to it;3 tout ce qui/que/dont ( l'ensemble) all; ( toutes les choses) everything; ( sans discrimination) anything; tout ce qui compte all that matters; c'est tout ce que je fais that's all I do; tout ce dont j'ai besoin all I need; j'ai acheté tout ce qui était sur la liste I bought everything that was on the list; il dit tout ce qui lui passe par la tête he says anything that comes into his head; tout ce qu'il dit n'est pas vrai not all of what he says is true; tout ce que le village compte d'enfants, tout ce qu'il y a d'enfants dans le village all the children in the village; être tout ce qu'il y a de plus serviable to be most obliging; c'est tout ce qu'on fait de mieux it's the best there is; ‘tu en es sûr?’-‘tout ce qu'il y a de plus sûr’ ‘are you sure?’-‘as sure as can be’, ‘absolutely sure’;4 ( n'importe quel) any; à tout âge at any age; de toute nature of any kind; à toute heure du jour ou de la nuit at all times of the day or night; ‘service à toute heure’ ‘24 hour service’; à tout moment ( n'importe quand) at any time; ( sans cesse) constantly; tout prétexte leur est bon they'll jump at any excuse; toute personne qui anyone ou anybody who; toute autre solution serait rejetée any other solution would be rejected; tout autre que lui/toi aurait abandonné anybody else would have given up; toute publicité est interdite all advertising is prohibited; pour toute réclamation, s'adresser à… all complaints should be addressed to…; tout billet n'est pas valable not all tickets are valid; ⇒ vérité;5 (sans déterminant: total) en toute innocence/franchise in all innocence/honesty; en toute liberté with complete freedom; donner toute satisfaction to give complete satisfaction; c'est tout bénéfice it's all profit; il aurait tout intérêt à placer cet argent it would be in his best interests to invest this money; partir en toute hâte to leave in a great hurry; un jardin de toute beauté a most beautiful garden; être à toute extrémité to be close to death; ⇒ épreuve, hasard, prix, vitesse;6 (unique, seul) il a souri pour toute réponse his only reply was a smile, he smiled by way of a reply; on lui donne quelques légumes pour tous gages all that he gets in the way of wages is a few vegetables; elle a un chien pour toute compagnie the only company she has ou all she has for company is a dog;7 tous, toutes ( les uns et les autres sans distinction) all, every (+ v sg); ceci vaut pour tous les candidats this applies to all candidates ou to every candidate; en tous pays in all countries, in every country; en toutes choses in all things, in everything; toutes les pages sont déchirées all the pages are torn, every page is torn; les lettres ont toutes été signées the letters have all been signed; j'ai toutes les raisons de me plaindre I have every reason to complain; tous les hommes sont mortels all men are mortal; il a fait tous les métiers he's done all sorts of jobs; tous les prétextes leur sont bons they'll use any excuse (pour to); meubles tous budgets furniture to suit every pocket; tous deux se levèrent both of them got up, they both got up; nous irons tous les deux both of us will go, we'll both go; je les prends tous les trois/quatre etc I'm taking all three/four etc (of them);8 ( chaque) tous/toutes les every; à tous les coins de rue on every street corner; saisir toutes les occasions to seize every opportunity; tous les jours/mois/ans every day/month/year; tous les quarts d'heure/10 mètres every quarter of an hour/10 metres; un cachet toutes les quatre heures one tablet every four hours; tous les deux jours/mois every other day/month; tous les combien? how often?C adv (normally invariable, but agrees in gender and in number with feminine adjective beginning with consonant or h-aspirate)1 (très, extrêmement) very, quite; ( entièrement) all; tout doucement very gently; ils sont tout contents they are very happy; elles sont tout étonnées/toutes honteuses they are very surprised/ashamed; être tout excité to be very ou all excited; être tout jeune/petit to be very young/small; tout enfant, elle aimait déjà dessiner as a small child she already liked to draw; c'est tout naturel it's quite natural; des yeux tout ronds de surprise eyes wide with surprise; être tout mouillé/sale to be all wet/dirty; tout seul dans la vie all alone in life; faire qch tout seul to do sth all by oneself; c'est tout autre chose, c'est une tout autre histoire it's a different matter altogether;2 ( devant un nom) c'est tout le portrait de sa mère she's the spitting ou very image of her mother; c'est tout l'inverse or le contraire it's the very opposite; ça m'en a tout l'air it looks very much like it to me; tu as tout le temps d'y réfléchir you've got plenty of time to think it over; avec toi, c'est tout l'un ou tout l'autre you see everything in black and white;3 ( tout à fait) la toute dernière ligne the very last line; les tout premiers fruits de l'été the very first fruits of summer; j'habite tout près I live very close by ou very near; tout près de very close to, very near; tout à côté de/contre/en haut right by/against/at the top; il les a mangés tout crus he ate them raw; un gâteau tout entier a whole cake; j'en sais tout autant que lui I know just as much as he does; c'est tout aussi cher it's just as expensive; vêtue tout de noir, tout de noir vêtue dressed all in black; maison tout en longueur very long and narrow house; un jeu tout en finesse a very subtle game; une semaine toute de fatigue a very tiring week; une vie toute de soucis a life full of worry; ils étaient tout en sang/en sueur they were covered in blood/bathed in sweat; être tout en larmes to be in floods of tears; la colline est tout en fleurs the hill is a mass of flowers; elle est tout(e) à son travail she's totally absorbed in her work;4 ( d'avance) tout prêt ready-made; sauces/idées toutes faites ready-made sauces/ideas; des légumes tout épluchés ready-peeled vegetables; ⇒ cuit, vu;5 ( en même temps) while; ( bien que) although; il lisait tout en marchant he was reading as he walked; elle le défendait tout en le sachant coupable she defended him although she knew he was guilty; ⇒ en;6 (marquant la concession: quoique) tout aussi étrange que cela paraisse however strange it may seem; tout prudemment que l'on conduise however carefully one drives; tout malins qu'ils sont, ils… clever though they may be, they…, they may be clever, but they…; toute reine qu'elle est, elle ne peut pas faire ça she may be a queen, but she can't do that;7 ( rien d'autre que) être tout énergie/muscle to be all energy/muscle; être tout sourires to be all smiles; je suis tout ouïe hum I'm all ears; veste tout cuir/laine all leather/wool jacket; ⇒ feu, sucre.D du tout loc adv pas du tout, point du tout liter not at all; sans savoir du tout without knowing at all; je ne le vois plus du tout I don't see him at all now; il ne m'en reste plus du tout I have none left at all; crois-tu qu'il m'ait remercié? du tout! do you think he thanked me? not at all!1 ( ensemble) former un tout to make up ou form a whole; mon tout ( charade) my whole, my all; du tout au tout completely;2 le tout ( la totalité) the whole lot, the lot; ( l'essentiel) the main thing; vendre le tout pour 200 euros to sell the (whole) lot for 200 euros; le tout est de réussir/qu'il réussisse the main ou most important thing is to succeed/that he should succeed; le Grand Tout Relig the Great Whole; ce n'est pas le tout○! this is no good!tout à coup suddenly; tout d'un coup ( soudain) suddenly; ( à la fois) all at once; tout à fait ( entièrement) quite, absolutely; ce n'est pas tout à fait vrai/pareil it's not quite true/the same thing; c'est tout à fait vrai it's quite ou absolutely true; ‘tu es d'accord?’-‘tout à fait’ ‘do you agree?’-‘absolutely’; il est tout à fait charmant he's absolutely ou perfectly charming; être tout à fait pour/contre to be totally for/against; tout à l'heure ( bientôt) in a moment; ( peu avant) a little while ago, just now; à tout à l'heure! see you later!; tout de même ( quand même) all the same, even so; ( indigné) tout de même! really!, honestly!; ( vraiment) quite; tu aurais tout de même pu faire attention! all the same ou even so you might have been careful!; c'est tout de même un peu fort! really ou honestly, it's a bit much!; c'est tout de même bizarre que it's quite strange that; tout de suite at once, straight away; ce n'est pas pour tout de suite ( ce n'est pas pressé) there's no rush; ( ce sera long) it's going to take some time.tout est bien qui finit bien all's well that ends well; être tout yeux tout oreilles to be very attentive.[tu, devant voyelle ou h muet tut ] ( féminin toute [tut], pluriel masculin tous [ adjectif tu, pronom tus], pluriel féminin toutes [tut]) adjectif qualificatif (au singulier)il se plaint toute la journée he complains all the time ou the whole day longtout ceci/cela all (of) this/thatj'ai tout mon temps I've plenty of time ou all the time in the worldavec lui, c'est tout l'un ou tout l'autre with him, it's either (all) black or (all) white2. [devant un nom propre] allj'ai visité tout Paris en huit jours I saw all ou the whole of Paris in a week3. [devant un nom sans article]rouler à toute vitesse to drive at full ou top speeden toute franchise/simplicité in all sincerity/simplicity4. [avec une valeur emphatique]5. (comme adverbe) [entièrement] completely6. [unique, seul] onlyma fille est tout mon bonheur my daughter is my sole ou only source of happiness7. [suivi d'une relative]tout ce qui me gêne, c'est la différence d'âge the only thing ou all I'm worried about is the age differencetout ce qu'il y a de: ses enfants sont tout ce qu'il y a de bien élevés his children are very well-behaved ou are models of good behaviour————————[tu, devant voyelle ou h muet tut ] ( féminin toute [tut], pluriel masculin tous [ adjectif tu, pronom tus], pluriel féminin toutes [tut]) déterminant (adjectif indéfini)tout citoyen a des droits every citizen has rights, all citizens have rightspour tout renseignement, écrivez-nous for further information, write to usde tout temps since time immemorial, from the beginning of timeen tout temps throughout ou all through historytout autre que lui aurait refusé anyone other than him ou anybody else would have refusedB.[AU PLURIEL]1. [exprimant la totalité] alltous les hommes all men, the whole of mankindtous les gens everybody, everyoneje veux tous les détails I want all the details ou the full details2. [devant un nom sans article]ils étaient 150 000, toutes disciplines/races confondues there were 150,000 of them, taking all disciplines/races together3. [exprimant la périodicité] everytoutes les deux semaines every other week, every second week, every two weeksà prendre toutes les quatre heures to be taken every four hours ou at four-hourly intervals————————[tu, devant voyelle ou h muet tut ] ( féminin toute [tut], pluriel masculin tous [ adjectif tu, pronom tus], pluriel féminin toutes [tut]) pronom indéfini[n'importe quoi] anythingce sera tout? [dans un magasin] will be that all?, anything else?ce n'est pas tout de faire des enfants, il faut les élever ensuite having children is one thing, but then you've got to bring them upêtre tout pour quelqu'un to be everything for somebody, to mean everything to somebodyon aura tout vu! now I've ou we've seen everything!a. [objets] that's everythingb. [problème] that's the whole point ou the crux of the matteravec toi c'est tout ou rien with you, it's all or nothing ou one extreme or the othertout se passe comme si... it's as though...à tout faire [produit] all-purposetout bien considéré, tout bien réfléchi all things consideredB.[AU PLURIEL]1. [désignant ce dont on a parlé]il y a plusieurs points de vue, tous sont intéressants there are several points of view, they are all interestingj'adore les prunes — prends-les toutes I love plums — take them all ou all of them2. [avec une valeur récapitulative] allJean, Pierre, Jacques, tous voulaient la voir Jean, Pierre, Jacques, they all wanted to see her3. [tout le monde]à vous tous qui m'avez aidé, merci to all of you who helped me, thank youtous tant ou autant que nous sommes all of us, every (single) one of ustout ( féminin toute, pluriel féminin toutes) adverbe (s'accorde en genre et en nombre devant un adjectif féminin commençant par une consonne ou un h aspiré)ils étaient tout seuls they were quite ou completely alonesa chevelure était toute hérissée his/her hair was all messyses tout premiers mots his/her very first wordstout mouillé wet ou soaked through, drenchedtout simplement/autrement quite simply/differentlytéléphone-moi, tout simplement just phone me, that's the easiest (way)une toile tout coton a 100% cotton cloth, an all cotton materialil est toute bonté/générosité he is goodness/generosity itselfça, c'est tout lui! that's typical of him ou just like him!2. [en intensif]tout en haut/bas right at the top/bottom3. [déjà]tout prêt ou préparé ready-madetout bébé, elle dansait déjà even as a baby, she was already dancing4. (avec un gérondif) [indiquant la simultanéité][indiquant la concession]tout en avouant son ignorance dans ce domaine, il continuait à me contredire although he'd confessed his ignorance in that field, he kept on contradicting metout nom masculin1. [ensemble] wholemon tout est un instrument de musique [dans une charade] my whole ou all is a musical instrument2. [l'essentiel]ce n'est pas le tout de critiquer, il faut pouvoir proposer autre chose it's not enough to criticize, you've got to be able to suggest something elsejouer ou risquer le tout pour le tout to risk (one's) alltenter le tout pour le tout to make a (final) desperate attempt ou a last ditch effortc'est un tout it's all the same, it makes no difference————————du tout locution adverbialeje vous dérange? — du tout, du tout! am I disturbing you? — not at all ou not in the least!elle finissait son café sans du tout se soucier de notre présence she was finishing her coffee without paying any attention to us at all ou whatsoever————————en tout locution adverbialeen tout et pour tout locution adverbialeen tout et pour tout, nous avons dépensé 300 euros all in all, we've spent 300 eurostout à coup locution adverbialetout à fait locution adverbiale2. [exactement] exactlyc'est tout à fait ce que je cherche/le même it's exactly what I've been looking for/the same3. [oui] certainly————————tout de même locution adverbialej'irai tout de même all the same, I'll still go2. [en intensif]tout de même, tu exagères! steady on!, that's a bit much!————————tout de suite locution adverbiale2. [dans l'espace] immediately————————tout... que locution conjonctivetout directeur qu'il est ou qu'il soit,... he may well be the boss,... -
15 take
take [teɪk]prendre ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (b), 1B (a), 1B (c)-(e), 1C (b), 1D (a), 1D (b), 1E (a), 1F (a), 1G (a), 1G (b), 1G (d), 1H (a), 1H (b), 1I (a), 1I (c), 1I (d), 1I (f), 1I (g), 2 (a)-(c) porter ⇒ 1B (a) mener ⇒ 1B (b) conduire ⇒ 1C (a) recevoir ⇒ 1D (c) croire ⇒ 1F (b) supporter ⇒ 1F (d) supposer ⇒ 1G (c) contenir ⇒ 1I (e) passer ⇒ 1I (i)A.∎ let me take your coat donnez-moi votre manteau;∎ she took the book from him elle lui a pris le livre;∎ to take sb's hand prendre qn par la main;∎ she took his arm elle lui a pris le bras;∎ Peter took her in his arms Peter l'a prise dans ses bras;∎ the wolf took its prey by the throat le loup a saisi sa proie à la gorge(b) (get control of, capture → person) prendre, capturer; (→ fish, game) prendre, attraper; Military prendre, s'emparer de;∎ they took the town that night ils prirent ou s'emparèrent de la ville cette nuit-là;∎ to take sb prisoner faire qn prisonnier;∎ to take sb alive prendre ou capturer qn vivant;∎ I took his queen with my rook j'ai pris sa reine avec ma tour;∎ to take control of a situation prendre une situation en main;∎ we took our courage in both hands nous avons pris notre courage à deux mains;∎ you're taking your life in your hands doing that c'est ta vie que tu risques en faisant cela;∎ to take the lead in sth (in competition) prendre la tête de qch; (set example) être le premier à faire qchB.(a) (carry from one place to another) porter, apporter; (carry along, have in one's possession) prendre, emporter;∎ she took her mother a cup of tea elle a apporté une tasse de thé à sa mère;∎ he took the map with him il a emporté la carte;∎ she took some towels up(stairs)/down(stairs) elle a monté/descendu des serviettes;∎ don't forget to take your camera n'oubliez pas (de prendre) votre appareil photo;∎ figurative the committee wanted to take the matter further le comité voulait mener l'affaire plus loin;∎ the devil take it! que le diable l'emporte!;∎ you can't take it with you (money when you die) tu ne l'emporteras pas avec toi dans la tombe∎ her father takes her to school son père l'emmène à l'école;∎ could you take me home? pourriez-vous me ramener ou me raccompagner?;∎ to take sb across the road faire traverser la rue à qn;∎ may I take you to dinner? puis-je vous inviter à dîner ou vous emmener dîner?;∎ he offered to take them to work in the car il leur a proposé de les emmener au bureau en voiture ou de les conduire au bureau;∎ to take oneself to bed aller se coucher;∎ please take me with you emmène-moi, s'il te plaît;∎ humorous I can't take you anywhere tu n'es pas sortable;∎ the estate agent took them over the house l'agent immobilier leur a fait visiter la maison;∎ he took her round the museum il lui a fait visiter le musée;∎ she used to take me along to meetings (avant,) elle m'emmenait aux réunions;∎ this road will take you to the station cette route vous mènera ou vous conduira à la gare;∎ I don't want to take you out of your way je ne veux pas vous faire faire un détour;∎ her job took her all over Africa son travail l'a fait voyager dans toute l'Afrique;∎ that's what first took me to Portugal c'est ce qui m'a amené au Portugal;∎ whatever took him there? qu'allait-il faire là-bas?;∎ the record took her to number one in the charts le disque lui a permis d'être première au hit-parade∎ she took a handkerchief from her pocket elle a sorti un mouchoir de sa poche;∎ I took a chocolate from the box j'ai pris un chocolat dans la boîte;∎ take a book from the shelf prenez un livre sur l'étagère;∎ take your feet off the table enlève tes pieds de la table;∎ he took the saucepan off the heat il a ôté ou retiré la casserole du feu(d) (appropriate, steal) prendre, voler;∎ to take sth from sb prendre qch à qn;∎ someone's taken my wallet on a pris mon portefeuille;∎ his article is taken directly from my book le texte de son article est tiré directement de mon livre(e) (draw, derive) prendre, tirer;∎ a passage taken from a book un passage extrait d'un livre;∎ a phrase taken from Latin une expression empruntée au latin;∎ the title is taken from the Bible le titre vient de la Bible;∎ to take a print from a negative tirer une épreuve d'un négatifC.(a) (of bus, car, train etc) conduire, transporter;∎ the ambulance took him to hospital l'ambulance l'a transporté à l'hôpital;∎ this bus will take you to the theatre ce bus vous conduira au théâtre;∎ will this train take me to Cambridge? est-ce que ce train va à ou passe par Cambridge?∎ American take a right prenez à droiteD.∎ she took a quick look at him elle a jeté un rapide coup d'œil sur lui;∎ he took a flying leap il a bondi;∎ to take a photo or a picture prendre une photo;∎ she took his picture or a picture of him elle l'a pris en photo;∎ we had our picture taken nous nous sommes fait photographier ou prendre en photo;∎ familiar he takes a good photo (is photogenic) il est photogénique□(c) (receive, get) recevoir; (earn, win → prize) remporter, obtenir; (→ degree, diploma) obtenir, avoir;∎ he took the blow on his arm il a pris le coup sur le bras;∎ you can take the call in my office vous pouvez prendre l'appel dans mon bureau;∎ the bookstore takes about $3,000 a day la librairie fait à peu près 3000 dollars (de recette) par jour;∎ how much does he take home a month? quel est son salaire mensuel net?;∎ Cards we took all the tricks nous avons fait toutes les levées;∎ their team took the match leur équipe a gagné ou remporté le matchE.(a) (assume, undertake) prendre;∎ to take the blame for sth prendre la responsabilité de qch;∎ you'll have to take the consequences c'est vous qui en subirez les conséquences;∎ she takes all the credit for our success elle s'attribue tout le mérite de notre réussite;∎ I take responsibility for their safety je me charge de leur sécurité;∎ to take the part of Hamlet jouer (le rôle d')Hamlet∎ he took my side in the argument il a pris parti pour moi dans la dispute;∎ the boy took an oath or a vow to avenge his family le garçon a fait serment ou a juré de venger sa famille;∎ American to take the Fifth (Amendment) invoquer le Cinquième Amendement (pour refuser de répondre)∎ may I take the liberty of inviting you to dinner? puis-je me permettre de vous inviter à dîner?;∎ he took the opportunity to thank them or of thanking them il a profité de l'occasion pour les remercierF.∎ the doctor only takes private patients le docteur ne prend pas les patients du service public;∎ the owner won't take less than $100 for it le propriétaire en veut au moins 100 dollars;∎ does this machine take pound coins? cette machine accepte-t-elle les pièces d'une livre?;∎ to take a bribe se laisser acheter ou corrompre;∎ you'll have to take me as I am il faut me prendre comme je suis;∎ take things as they come prenez les choses comme elles viennent;∎ I won't take "no" for an answer pas question de refuser;∎ it's my last offer, (you can) take it or leave it c'est ma dernière offre, c'est à prendre ou à laisser;∎ I'll take it from here je prends la suite;∎ I'll take it from there je verrai à ce moment-là(b) (accept as valid) croire;∎ to take sb's advice suivre les conseils de qn;∎ take it from me, he's a crook croyez-moi, c'est un escroc∎ let's take things one at a time prenons les choses une par une;∎ the mayor took their questions calmly le maire a entendu leurs questions avec calme;∎ how did she take the questioning? comment a-t-elle réagi à ou pris l'interrogatoire?;∎ they took the news well or in their stride ils ont plutôt bien pris la nouvelle;∎ to take sth badly prendre mal qch;∎ familiar to take things easy or it easy se la couler douce;∎ familiar take it easy! (don't get angry) du calme!□∎ don't take any nonsense! ne te laisse pas faire!;∎ your father won't take any nonsense ton père ne plaisante pas avec ce genre de choses;∎ she can take it elle tiendra le coup;∎ esp American I'm not taking any! je ne marche pas!;∎ we couldn't take any more on n'en pouvait plus;∎ I can't take much more of this je commence à en avoir assez, je ne vais pas supporter cela bien longtemps;∎ I find his constant sarcasm rather hard to take je trouve ses sarcasmes perpétuels difficiles à supporter;∎ don't expect me to take this lying down ne comptez pas sur moi pour accepter ça sans rien dire;∎ those shoes have taken a lot of punishment ces chaussures en ont vu de toutes les couleurs;∎ to take heavy loads (crane, engine etc) supporter de lourdes charges;∎ it won't take your weight ça ne supportera pas ton poids(e) (experience, feel)∎ to take fright prendre peur;∎ to take an interest in sb/sth s'intéresser à qn/qch;∎ don't take offence ne vous vexez pas, ne vous offensez pas;∎ no offence taken il n'y a pas de mal;∎ we take pleasure in travelling nous prenons plaisir à voyager;∎ she takes pride in her work elle est fière de ce qu'elle fait;∎ to take pride in one's appearance prendre soin de sa personneG.(a) (consider, look at) prendre, considérer;∎ take Einstein (for example) prenons (l'exemple d')Einstein;∎ take the case of Colombia prenons le cas de la Colombie;∎ taking everything into consideration tout bien considéré;∎ to take sb/sth seriously prendre qn/qch au sérieux∎ do you take me for an idiot? vous me prenez pour un idiot?;∎ what do you take me for? pour qui me prenez-vous?;∎ I took you for an Englishman je vous croyais anglais;∎ he took me for somebody else il m'a pris pour quelqu'un d'autre;∎ to take the news as or to be true tenir la nouvelle pour vraie;∎ how old do you take her to be? quel âge est-ce que tu lui donnes?(c) (suppose, presume) supposer, présumer;∎ he's never been to Madrid, I take it si je comprends bien, il n'a jamais été à Madrid;∎ I take it you're his mother je suppose que vous êtes sa mère(d) (interpret, understand) prendre, comprendre;∎ we never know how to take his jokes on ne sait jamais comment prendre ses plaisanteries;∎ don't take that literally ne le prenez pas au pied de la lettre;∎ he was slow to take my meaning il lui a fallu un moment avant de comprendre ce que je voulais direH.∎ how long will it take to get there? combien de temps faudra-t-il pour y aller?;∎ the flight takes three hours le vol dure trois heures;∎ it will take you ten minutes vous en avez pour dix minutes;∎ it took him a minute to understand il a mis une minute avant de comprendre;∎ it took us longer than I expected cela nous a pris plus de temps que je ne pensais;∎ it takes time to learn a language il faut du temps pour apprendre une langue;∎ what kind of batteries does it take? quelle sorte de piles faut-il?;∎ my car takes unleaded ma voiture roule au sans-plomb;∎ he took a bit of coaxing before he accepted il a fallu le pousser un peu pour qu'il accepte;∎ it took four people to stop the brawl ils ont dû se mettre à quatre pour arrêter la bagarre;∎ it takes a clever man to do that bien malin ou habile qui peut le faire;∎ it takes courage to admit one's mistakes il faut du courage pour admettre ses erreurs;∎ it takes patience to work with children il faut de la patience ou il faut être patient pour travailler avec les enfants;∎ one glance was all it took un regard a suffi;∎ the job took some doing la tâche n'a pas été facile;∎ that will take some explaining voilà qui va demander des explications;∎ her story takes some believing son histoire n'est pas facile à croire;∎ to have what it takes to do/to be sth avoir les qualités nécessaires pour faire/être qch;∎ we need someone with leadership qualities - she has what it takes il nous faut quelqu'un qui ait des qualités de dirigeant - ce n'est pas ce qui lui manque;∎ familiar he's so lazy - it takes one to know one! il est vraiment paresseux - tu peux parler!∎ "falloir" takes the subjunctive "falloir" est suivi du subjonctif;∎ noun that takes an "s" in the plural nom qui prend un "s" au plurielI.(a) (food, drink etc) prendre;∎ do you take milk in your coffee? prenez-vous du lait dans votre café?;∎ how do you take your coffee? qu'est-ce que tu prends dans ton café?;∎ I invited him to take tea je l'ai invité à prendre le thé;∎ she refused to take any food elle a refusé de manger (quoi que ce soit);∎ to take drugs se droguer;∎ how many pills has he taken? combien de comprimés a-t-il pris ou absorbé?;∎ not to be taken internally (on packaging) (à) usage externe;∎ to be taken twice a day (on packaging) à prendre deux fois par jour;∎ to take the air prendre l'air∎ she takes a size 10 elle prend du 38;∎ what size shoe do you take? quelle est votre pointure?∎ I'll take it je le prends;∎ what newspaper do you take? quel journal prenez-vous?;∎ take your partners (at dance) invitez vos partenaires(d) (occupy → chair, seat) prendre, s'asseoir sur;∎ take a seat asseyez-vous;∎ take your seats! prenez vos places!;∎ is this seat taken? cette place est-elle occupée ou prise?(e) (hold → of container, building etc) contenir, avoir une capacité de;∎ this bus takes fifty passengers c'est un car de cinquante places(f) (ascertain, find out) prendre;∎ to take sb's pulse/temperature prendre le pouls/la température de qn;∎ to take a reading from a meter lire ou relever un compteur(g) (write down → notes, letter) prendre;∎ he took a note of her address il a noté son adresse(h) (subtract) soustraire, déduire;∎ they took 10 percent off the price ils ont baissé le prix de 10 pour cent;∎ take 4 from 9 and you have 5 ôtez 4 de 9, il reste 5∎ I took Latin and Greek at A level ≃ j'ai pris latin et grec au bac;∎ she took her degree last year elle a obtenu son diplôme l'an dernier;∎ she takes us for maths on l'a en maths∎ to take a service célébrer un office;∎ the assistant director took the rehearsals l'assistant réalisateur s'est occupé des répétitions(k) (contract, develop)∎ to take a chill, to take cold prendre froid;∎ to take sick, to be taken ill tomber malade;∎ I was taken with a fit of the giggles j'ai été pris d'un fou rire;∎ she took an instant dislike to him elle l'a tout de suite pris en aversion(l) (direct, aim)∎ she took a swipe at him elle a voulu le gifler;∎ Football to take a penalty tirer un penalty∎ she takes all her problems to her sister elle raconte tous ses problèmes à sa sœur;∎ he took the matter to his boss il a soumis la question à son patron;∎ Law they intend to take the case to the High Court ils ont l'intention d'en appeler à la Cour suprême∎ he took an axe to the door il a donné des coups de hache dans la porte;∎ take the scissors to it vas-y avec les ciseaux;∎ his father took a stick to him son père lui a donné des coups de bâton;∎ Law they took legal proceedings against him ils lui ont intenté un procès(o) (catch unawares) prendre, surprendre;∎ to take sb by surprise or off guard surprendre qn, prendre qn au dépourvu;∎ his death took us by surprise sa mort nous a surpris∎ they took him for every penny (he was worth) ils lui ont pris jusqu'à son dernier sou(a) (work, have desired effect) prendre;∎ did the dye take? est-ce que la teinture a pris?;∎ it was too cold for the seeds to take il faisait trop froid pour que les graines germent(b) (become popular) prendre, avoir du succès3 noun(b) Cinema, Photography & Television prise f de vue; Radio enregistrement m, prise f de son; (of record etc) enregistrement m∎ what's your take on her attitude? comment est-ce que tu interprètes son attitude?∎ to be on the take toucher des pots-de-vin□, palper(astonish) étonner, ébahir; (disconcert) déconcerter;∎ her question took him aback sa question l'a déconcerté;∎ I was taken aback by the news la nouvelle m'a beaucoup surprisressembler à, tenir de;∎ she takes after her mother in looks physiquement, elle tient de sa mère(a) (dismantle) démonter;∎ figurative they took the room apart looking for evidence ils ont mis la pièce sens dessus dessous pour trouver des preuves(b) (criticize) critiquerprendre à part, emmener à l'écart;∎ the boss took her aside for a chat le patron l'a prise à part pour discuter∎ take that knife away from him enlevez-lui ce couteau;∎ they took away his pension ils lui ont retiré sa pension;∎ they took their daughter away from the club ils ont retiré leur fille du club;∎ his work took him away from his family for long periods son travail le tenait éloigné de sa famille pendant de longues périodes;∎ euphemism the police took his father away son père a été arrêté par la police;∎ it takes away the fun ça gâche tout∎ not to be taken away (in library) à consulter sur place(c) Mathematics soustraire, retrancher;∎ nine take away six is three neuf moins six font trois∎ that doesn't take away from his achievements as an athlete ça n'enlève rien à ses exploits d'athlète;∎ to take away from the pleasure/value of sth diminuer le plaisir/la valeur de qch(a) (after absence, departure) reprendre;∎ she took her husband back elle a accepté que son mari revienne vivre avec elle;∎ the factory took back the workers l'usine a repris les ouvriers(b) (gift, unsold goods, sale item etc) reprendre∎ take it back to the shop rapporte-le au magasin;∎ he took her back home il l'a raccompagnée ou ramenée chez elle(d) (retract, withdraw) retirer, reprendre;∎ I take back everything I said je retire tout ce que j'ai dit;∎ all right, I take it back! d'accord, je n'ai rien dit!∎ that takes me back to my childhood ça me rappelle mon enfance;∎ that song takes me back forty years cette chanson me ramène quarante ans en arrière;∎ it takes you back a bit, doesn't it? ça ne nous rajeunit pas tout ça, hein?(f) Typography transférer à la ligne précédente∎ the lift took us down to the 4th floor l'ascenseur nous a amenés au 4ème étage∎ she took the book down from the shelf elle a pris le livre sur l'étagère;∎ can you help me take the curtains down? peux-tu m'aider à décrocher les rideaux?;∎ she took his picture down from the wall elle a enlevé sa photo du mur;∎ he took his trousers down il a baissé son pantalon∎ he took down the registration number il a relevé le numéro d'immatriculation;∎ to take down a letter in shorthand prendre une lettre en sténo(d) (dismantle → scaffolding, circus tent) démonterse démonter(b) (bring into one's home → person) héberger; (→ boarder) prendre; (→ orphan, stray animal) recueillir;∎ she takes in ironing elle fait du repassage à domicile∎ the police took him in la police l'a mis ou placé en garde à vue(d) (air, water, food etc)∎ she can only take in food intravenously on ne peut la nourrir que par intraveineuse;∎ whales take in air through their blowhole les baleines respirent par l'évent(e) (understand, perceive) saisir, comprendre;∎ he was sitting taking it all in il était là, assis, écoutant tout ce qui se disait;∎ he didn't take in the real implications of her announcement il n'a pas saisi les véritables implications de sa déclaration;∎ I can't take in the fact that I've won je n'arrive pas à croire que j'ai gagné;∎ she took in the situation at a glance elle a compris la situation en un clin d'œil∎ you'd better take in the slack on the rope tu ferais bien de tendre ou retendre la corde;∎ Nautical to take in a sail carguer ou serrer une voile∎ the tour takes in all the important towns l'excursion passe par toutes les villes importantes(h) (attend, go to) aller à;∎ to take in a show aller au théâtre;∎ she took in the castle while in Blois elle a visité le château pendant qu'elle était à Blois;∎ they took in the sights in Rome ils ont fait le tour des sites touristiques à Rome∎ don't be taken in by him ne vous laissez pas rouler par lui;∎ I'm not going to be taken in by your lies je ne suis pas dupe de tes mensonges□ ;∎ he was completely taken in il marchait complètement➲ take off(a) (remove → clothing, lid, make-up, tag) enlever;∎ the boy took his clothes off le garçon a enlevé ses vêtements ou s'est déshabillé;∎ she took her glasses off elle a enlevé ses lunettes;∎ he often takes the phone off the hook il laisse souvent le téléphone décroché;∎ to take sb off a list rayer qn d'une liste;∎ the surgeon had to take her leg off le chirurgien a dû l'amputer de la jambe;∎ Cars to take off the brake desserrer le frein (à main);∎ figurative he didn't take his eyes off her all night il ne l'a pas quittée des yeux de la soirée;∎ I tried to take her mind off her troubles j'ai essayé de lui changer les idées ou de la distraire de ses ennuis;∎ familiar his retirement has taken ten years off him sa retraite l'a rajeuni de dix ans□ ;∎ to take sth off sb's hands débarrasser qn de qch;∎ I'll take the baby off your hands for a few hours je vais garder le bébé pendant quelques heures, ça te libérera∎ the teacher took one point off her grade le professeur lui a retiré un point;∎ the manager took 10 percent off the price le directeur a baissé le prix de 10 pour cent(c) (lead away) emmener;∎ she was taken off to hospital on l'a transportée à l'hôpital;∎ the murderer was taken off to jail on a emmené l'assassin en prison;∎ her friend took her off to dinner son ami l'a emmenée dîner;∎ she took herself off to Italy elle est partie en Italie;∎ to take the passengers off (by boat from a ship) débarquer les passagers;∎ the injured man was taken off the ship by helicopter le blessé a été évacué du bateau par hélicoptère∎ to take some time off prendre un congé;∎ take a few days off prenez quelques jours de vacances ou de congé;∎ she takes Thursdays off elle ne travaille pas le jeudi(a) (aeroplane) décoller;∎ they took off for or to Heathrow ils se sont envolés pour Heathrow∎ he took off without telling us il est parti sans nous avertir➲ take on(a) (accept, undertake) prendre, accepter;∎ to take on the responsibility for sth se charger de qch;∎ don't take on more than you can handle ne vous surchargez pas;∎ she took it on herself to tell him elle a pris sur elle de le lui dire;∎ to take on a bet accepter un pari∎ the unions took on the government les syndicats se sont attaqués ou s'en sont pris au gouvernement;∎ I shouldn't like to take him on je n'aimerais pas avoir affaire à lui;∎ he took us on at poker il nous a défiés au poker(c) (acquire, assume) prendre, revêtir;∎ her face took on a worried look elle a pris un air inquiet;∎ the word takes on another meaning le mot prend une autre significationfamiliar (fret, carry on) s'en faire;∎ don't take on so! ne t'en fais pas!∎ take the cheese out of the refrigerator sors le fromage du réfrigérateur;∎ he took the knife out of his pocket il a sorti le couteau de sa poche;∎ take your hands out of your pockets enlève les mains de tes poches;∎ they took their children out of school ils ont retiré leurs enfants de l'école;∎ Medicine to take out sb's appendix/tonsils enlever l'appendice/les amygdales à qn;∎ figurative to take the food out of sb's mouth retirer le pain de la bouche de qn∎ to take sb out to dinner/to the movies emmener qn dîner/au cinéma;∎ I took her out for a bike ride je l'ai emmenée faire un tour à vélo;∎ would you take the dog out? tu veux bien sortir le chien ou aller promener le chien?(d) (obtain → subscription) prendre; (→ insurance policy) souscrire à, prendre; (→ licence) se procurer; (→ patent) prendre;∎ to take out a mortgage faire un emprunt immobilier∎ to take sb out (kill) buter qn, zigouiller qn, refroidir qn;∎ the planes took the factory out by bombing les avions ont détruit l'usine (en la bombardant)∎ to take out one's partner changer la couleur annoncée par son partenaire∎ to take sb out of himself/herself changer les idées à qn;∎ familiar working as an interpreter takes a lot out of you le travail d'interprète est épuisant□ ;∎ familiar the operation really took it out of him l'opération l'a mis à plat;∎ familiar it takes the fun out of it ça gâche tout□ ;∎ familiar to take it out on sb s'en prendre à qn□ ;∎ familiar he took his anger out on his wife il a passé sa colère sur sa femme□ ;∎ familiar don't take it out on me! ne t'en prends pas à moi!□(a) (assume responsibility of) reprendre;∎ he wants his daughter to take over the business il veut que sa fille reprenne l'affaire;∎ she took over my classes elle a pris la suite de mes cours;∎ will you be taking over his job? est-ce que vous allez le remplacer (dans ses fonctions)?(b) (gain control of, invade) s'emparer de;∎ the military took over the country l'armée a pris le pouvoir;∎ she takes the place over (by being bossy etc) elle joue les despotes;∎ fast-food restaurants have taken over Paris les fast-foods ou French Canadian restaurants-minute ont envahi Paris∎ they were taken over by a Japanese firm ils ont été rachetés par une entreprise japonaise∎ I'll take you over by car je vais vous y conduire en voiture;∎ the boat took us over to Seattle le bateau nous a emmenés jusqu'à Seattle(e) Typography transférer à la ligne suivante∎ who will take over now that the mayor has stepped down? qui va prendre la relève maintenant que le maire a donné sa démission?;∎ I'll take over when he leaves je le remplacerai quand il partira;∎ will he allow her to take over? va-t-il lui céder la place?;∎ compact discs have taken over from records le (disque) compact a remplacé le (disque) vinyle(b) (army, dictator) prendre le pouvoir(a) (have a liking for → person) se prendre d'amitié ou de sympathie pour, prendre en amitié; (→ activity, game) prendre goût à;∎ I think he took to you je crois que vous lui avez plu;∎ we took to one another at once nous avons tout de suite sympathisé;∎ she didn't take to him il ne lui a pas plu;∎ we've really taken to golf nous avons vraiment pris goût au golf(b) (acquire as a habit) se mettre à;∎ to take to drink or to the bottle se mettre à boire;∎ to take to doing sth se mettre à faire qch;∎ she took to wearing black elle s'est mise à s'habiller en noir(c) (make for, head for)∎ he's taken to his bed with the flu il est alité avec la grippe;∎ the rebels took to the hills les insurgés se sont réfugiés dans les collines;∎ they took to the woods ils se sont enfuis dans les bois;∎ to take to the road prendre la route;∎ to take to the boats monter dans les canots de sauvetage➲ take up∎ the lift took us up to the 25th floor l'ascenseur nous a amenés au 25ème étage(b) (pick up → object) ramasser, prendre; (→ passenger) prendre; (→ paving stones, railway tracks) enlever;∎ she took up the notes from the table elle a ramassé ou pris les notes sur la table;∎ they're taking up the street la rue est en travaux;∎ we finally took up the carpet nous avons enfin enlevé la moquette∎ you'd better take up the slack in that rope tu ferais mieux de retendre ou tendre cette corde∎ this table takes up too much room cette table prend trop de place ou est trop encombrante;∎ moving house took up the whole day le déménagement a pris toute la journée;∎ her work takes up all her attention son travail l'absorbe complètement(f) (begin, become interested in → activity, hobby) se mettre à; (→ job) prendre; (→ career) commencer, embrasser;∎ when did you take up Greek? quand est-ce que tu t'es mis au grec?;∎ I've taken up gardening je me suis mis au jardinage(g) (continue, resume) reprendre, continuer;∎ I took up the tale where Susan had left off j'ai repris l'histoire là où Susan l'avait laissée;∎ she took up her knitting again elle a repris son tricot(h) (adopt → attitude) prendre, adopter; (→ method) adopter; (→ place, position) prendre; (→ idea) adopter;∎ they took up residence in town ils se sont installés en ville;∎ to take up one's duties entrer en fonctions∎ take it up with the boss parlez-en au patron(k) (shares, stock) souscrire àreprendre, continuer∎ he took it upon himself to organize the meeting il s'est chargé d'organiser la réunion(a) (accept offer, advice of)∎ his daughter took him up on his advice sa fille a suivi ses conseils;∎ he might take you up on that someday! il risque de vous prendre au mot un jour!;∎ she took him up on his promise elle a mis sa parole à l'épreuve∎ I'd like to take you up on that point j'aimerais revenir sur ce point avec vous∎ to take up with sb se lier d'amitié avec qn, prendre qn en amitié;∎ she took up with a bad crowd elle s'est mise à fréquenter des vauriens∎ to be taken up with doing sth être occupé à faire qch;∎ she's very taken up with him elle ne pense qu'à lui;∎ she's taken up with her business elle est très prise par ses affaires;∎ meetings were taken up with talk about the economy on passait les réunions à parler de l'économieⓘ Take me to your leader Il s'agit de la formule prononcée par les extra-terrestres fraîchement débarqués sur terre dans les vieux films de science-fiction et adressée au premier terrien rencontré. On emploie cette phrase ("menez-moi jusqu'à votre chef") de façon humoristique lorsque, dans une situation donnée, on désire parler au responsable. -
16 rapport
rapport [ʀapɔʀ]1. masculine nouna. ( = lien, corrélation) connection• n'avoir aucun rapport avec or être sans rapport avec qch to have no connection with sth• je viens vous voir rapport à votre annonce (inf) I've come (to see you) about your advertisement► en rapport• être en rapport avec qn ( = en contact) to be in touch with sb• nous n'avons jamais été en rapport avec cette société we have never had any dealings with that company• mettre qn en rapport avec qn d'autre to put sb in touch with sb else► par rapport à ( = comparé à) in comparison with ; ( = en fonction de) in relation to ; ( = envers) with respect tob. ( = relation personnelle) relationship (à, avec with)• rapports sociaux/humains social/human relations• avoir or entretenir de bons/mauvais rapports avec qn to be on good/bad terms with sbd. ( = exposé, compte rendu) reporte. ( = revenu, profit) returnf. (Mathematics, technical) ratio2. compounds* * *ʀapɔʀ
1.
nom masculin1) ( lien) connection, linkfaire/établir le rapport entre — to make/to establish the connection ou link between
n'avoir aucun rapport avec — to have nothing to do with, to have no connection with
les deux événements sont sans rapport — the two events are unrelated ou unconnected
un emploi en rapport avec tes goûts — a job suited to ou that matches your interests
2) ( relations)rapports — relations ( entre between)
avoir or entretenir de bons/mauvais rapports avec quelqu'un — to be on good/bad terms with somebody
3) ( contact)être/se mettre en rapport avec quelqu'un — to be/to get in touch with somebody
4) ( point de vue)5) ( compte rendu) report6) Armée daily briefing ( with roll-call)les rapports — the winnings (de on)
être en plein rapport — [arbres, terres] to be in full yield
8) Mathématique, Technologie ratiole rapport hommes/femmes est de trois contre un — the ratio of men to women is three to one
bon/mauvais rapport qualité prix — good/poor value for money
2.
par rapport à locution prépositive1) ( comparé à) compared with2) ( en fonction de)le nombre de voitures par rapport au nombre d'habitants — the number of cars per head of the population
3) ( vis-à-vis de) with regard to, toward(s)l'attitude de la population par rapport à l'immigration — people's attitudes (pl) to immigration
•Phrasal Verbs:* * *ʀapɔʀ nm1) (= compte rendu) reportIl a écrit un rapport. — He wrote a report.
2) (= lien) connection, linkIl y a un rapport évident entre ces faits. — There's an obvious connection between these events., There's an obvious link between these events.
Je ne vois pas le rapport. — I don't see the connection.
par rapport à (= comparé à) — in relation to, (= à propos de) with regard to
avoir rapport à — to have something to do with, to concern
3) (= proportion) MATHÉMATIQUE, TECHNIQUE ratiole rapport prix/surface — the price/area ratio
4) (= relation) (entre personnes, pays) relationshipIls ont de bons rapports. — They have a good relationship.
5) (rapport sexuel) intercourse6) (= profit) yield, returndes obligations de bon rapport — bonds with a good return, bonds with a high yield
* * *A nm1 ( lien) connection, link; faire/établir le rapport entre to make/to establish the connection ou link between; avoir rapport à qch to have something to do with sth; être sans rapport avec to bear no relation to; n'avoir aucun rapport avec to have nothing to do with, to have no connection with; les deux événements sont sans rapport (entre eux) the two events are unrelated ou unconnected; il y a un rapport étroit entre ces deux phénomènes there is a close connection between the two phenomena; je ne vois pas le rapport! I don't see the connection!; il n'y a aucun rapport de parenté entre eux they're not related; un emploi/salaire en rapport avec mes qualifications a job/salary appropriate to ou that matches my qualifications; un emploi en rapport avec tes goûts a job suited to ou that matches your interests; il faut que la peine soit en rapport avec le délit the punishment must fit the crime; rapport de cause à effet relation of cause and effect; rapport à◑ about, concerning; je viens vous voir rapport à mon augmentation I'm coming to see you about my rise GB ou raise US;2 ( relations) rapports relations; rapport amicaux or d'amitié friendly relations; avoir or entretenir de bons/mauvais rapports avec qn to be on good/bad terms with sb; les rapports entre les deux pays sont tendus/amicaux relations between the two countries are strained/friendly; il a des rapports difficiles avec sa mère he has a difficult relationship with his mother; avoir des rapports○ euph to have intercourse ou sex;3 ( contact) être en rapport avec qn to be in touch with sb; nous sommes en rapport avec d'autres entreprises we have dealings with other companies; se mettre en rapport avec qn to get in touch with sb; mettre des gens en rapport to put people in touch with each other;4 ( point de vue) sous le rapport de from the point of view of; sous ce rapport in this respect; sous tous les rapports in every respect; il est bien sous tous (les) rapports he's a decent person in every way ou respect;5 ( compte rendu) report; rapport officiel official report; rapport de police/commission d'enquête police/select committee report; rapport confidentiel confidential report; rédiger un rapport to draw up a report;6 Mil daily briefing (with roll-call);7 ( rendement) return, yield; ( de pari) les rapports the winnings (de on); investissement d' un bon rapport investment that offers a good return or yield; produire un rapport de 4% to produce a return ou yield of 4%; immeuble de rapport block of flats GB ou apartment block US that is rented out; être en plein rapport [arbres, terres] to be in full yield;8 Math, Tech ratio; dans un rapport de 1 à 10 in a ratio of 1 to 10; le rapport hommes/femmes est de trois contre un the ratio of men to women is three to one; bon/mauvais rapport qualité prix good/poor value for money; changer de rapport Aut, Mécan to change gear.B par rapport à loc prép1 ( comparé à) compared with, in comparison with; le chômage a augmenté par rapport à l'an dernier unemployment increased compared with last year; il est généreux/petit par rapport à son frère he's generous/small compared with his brother; par rapport au dollar/mark against the dollar/German mark;2 ( en fonction de) le nombre de voitures par rapport au nombre d'habitants the number of cars in relation to the number of inhabitants; un angle de 40° par rapport à la verticale an angle of 40° to the vertical; un changement par rapport à la position habituelle du parti a change from the usual party line;3 ( vis-à-vis de) with regard to, toward(s); notre position par rapport à ce problème our position with regard to this problem; l'attitude de la population par rapport à l'immigration people's attitude toward(s) immigration.rapport d'engrenage Aut, Mécan gear ratio; rapport de force ( équilibre) balance of power; ( lutte) power struggle; ils veulent créer un rapport de force en leur faveur they want to tilt the balance of power in their favourGB; je rêve d'une relation sans rapport de force I dream of a relationship free of any power struggle; rapports sexuels sexual relations.[rapɔr] nom masculin1. [compte rendu - généralement] reportrapport détaillé item-by-item report, full rundownrapport financier annual (financial) report ou statementb. (figuré & humoristique) let's hear it then!2. [profit] profit3. [ratio] ratiorapport profit-ventes profit-volume ou profit-to-volume ratioa. [généralement] value for moneyn'avoir aucun rapport avec quelque chose to have no connection with ou to bear no relation to somethingson dernier album n'a aucun rapport avec les précédents her latest record is nothing like her earlier onesc'est sans rapport avec le sujet that's beside the point, that's irrelevantcette décision n'est pas sans rapport avec les récents événements this decision isn't totally unconnected with recent eventsrapport de forces: le rapport de forces entre les deux pays the balance of power between the two countries5. DROIT————————rapports nom masculin pluriel————————de rapport locution adjectivale→ link=immeuble immeubleen rapport avec locution prépositionnelle1. [qui correspond à] in keeping with2. [en relation avec]se mettre en rapport avec quelqu'un to get in touch ou contact with somebodypar rapport à locution prépositionnelle1. [en ce qui concerne] regardingon constate un retrait de l'euro par rapport aux autres monnaies européennes the euro has dropped sharply against other European currencies————————sous le rapport de locution prépositionnellesous tous (les) rapports locution adverbiale‘jeune homme bien sous tous rapports’ ‘respectable young man’ -
17 some
1. pronoun, adjective1) (an indefinite amount or number (of): I can see some people walking across the field; You'll need some money if you're going shopping; Some of the ink was spilt on the desk.) nekaj2) ((said with emphasis) a certain, or small, amount or number (of): `Has she any experience of the work?' `Yes, she has some.'; Some people like the idea and some don't.) nekaj; nekateri3) ((said with emphasis) at least one / a few / a bit (of): Surely there are some people who agree with me?; I don't need much rest from work, but I must have some.) nekaj4) (certain: He's quite kind in some ways.) neki2. adjective1) (a large, considerable or impressive (amount or number of): I spent some time trying to convince her; I'll have some problem sorting out these papers!) precej2) (an unidentified or unnamed (thing, person etc): She was hunting for some book that she's lost.) neki3) ((used with numbers) about; at a rough estimate: There were some thirty people at the reception.) približno3. adverb((American) somewhat; to a certain extent: I think we've progressed some.) do neke mere- somebody- someday
- somehow
- someone
- something
- sometime
- sometimes
- somewhat
- somewhere
- mean something
- or something
- something like
- something tells me* * *[sʌm]1.adjectiveneki, nekak, nekateri, en; katerikoli, kakršenkoli; slang velik, silen, pomemben, odličen; (pred samostalnikom v množini) nekaj, neko število, nekoliko, malo (od njih), kakih, okrog, približnoat some time or other — enkrat pač, kadarkoli, prej ali slejin some way or other — na ta ali na oni način, tako ali takoto some extent — do neke mere, nekakosome few — maloštevilni, majhno številosome girl! — čedno dekle!some people — nekateri (ljudje), nekaj ljudiit is some five years since we saw each other — kakih pet let je, kar sva se (zadnjič) videlashall I give you some more tea? — naj vam dam še malo čaja?I call that some poem! — to (pa) je pesem!that's some hat! — to (pa) je klobuk (in pol)! to je kolosalen klobuk!as you say, it did cost some money — kot pravite, je to (res) stalo nekaj (= precéj) denarjathat will take you some time — to vam bo vzelo nekaj časa;2.pronounkaterikoli, neki, nekateri; American slang precéj, kar veliko, kar mnogo, še večsome... some — eni... drugisome of these days — te dni, v kratkem, kmalusome accepted, some refused — nekateri so sprejeli, drugi odkloniliif you have no money, I will give you some — če nimaš denarja, ti ga jaz nekaj dammay I have some of this cake? — lahko dobim nekaj tega kolača?he ran a mile and then some — tekel je eno miljo in nato še naprej;3.adverbnekaj; precéj, zelothat's going some! — to mi je všeč! to je sijajno! -
18 Knowledge
It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)"Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
-
19 nummer
2 [persoon, zaak] number6 [sport] event♦voorbeelden:nummer één van de klas zijn • be top of one's class2 een nummer van een krant/tijdschrift • a newspaper edition, a number/issue of a periodicaleen oud nummer • a back issue/numberin deze maatschappij is ieder mens een nummer • people are mere numbers in this societynummer één zijn bij een wedstrijd • come first in a race/competitionnummer honderd • the smallest room4 een nummer brengen • do a routine/an act5 zij/hij is een mooi nummer • she's/he's quite a character -
20 nothing
1. pronoun(no thing; not anything: There was nothing in the cupboard; I have nothing new to say.) nada
2. noun(the number 0; nought: The final score was five - nothing (= 5 - 0).)
3. adverb(not at all: He's nothing like his father.) de ningún modo, de ninguna manera- come to nothing
- for nothing
- have nothing to do with
- make nothing of
- mean nothing to
- next to nothing
- nothing but
- nothing doing!
- there is nothing to it
- think nothing of
- to say nothing of
nothing pron nadatr['nʌɵɪŋ]1 nada1 de ningún modo, de ninguna manera\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLfor nothing familiar gratisnothing but... únicamente..., solo...nothing doing familiar ni hablarnothing else nada másnothing much nada de interésthere's nothing to it es facilísimoto say nothing of... por no hablar de...nothing ['nʌɵɪŋ] adv1) : de ninguna maneranothing daunted, we carried on: sin amilanarnos, seguimos adelante2)nothing like : no...en nadahe's nothing like his brother: no se parece en nada a su hermanonothing n1) nothingness: nada f2) zero: cero m3) : persona f de poca importancia, cero m4) trifle: nimiedad fnothing pron: nadathere's nothing better: no hay nada mejornothing else: nada másnothing but: solamentethey mean nothing to me: ellos me son indiferentesadv.• de ninguna manera adv.• en absoluto adv.• nada adv.n.• cero s.m.• nada s.f.• nadería s.f.pron.• nada pron.
I 'nʌθɪŋ1) nadait's better than nothing, I suppose — hombre, peor es nada
there's nothing in it: this one may cost a bit more but there's nothing in it really puede que éste cueste algo más pero la diferencia es mínima; there's nothing to it — ( it's easy) es muy fácil; ( it's groundless) no es cierto
2) (in phrases)for nothing: she gave it to me for nothing me lo dio gratis; it was all for nothing todo fue en vano; not for nothing was he called Ivan the Terrible no en vano or no por nada se le llamaba Iván el Terrible; if nothing else al menos, por lo menos; nothing but: she's caused nothing but trouble no ha causado (nada) más que problemas; nothing if not: he's nothing if not reliable es totalmente de fiar; nothing less than: it's nothing less than scandalous es verdaderamente escandaloso; nothing like: there's nothing like a shower to freshen you up no hay (nada) como una ducha para refrescarse; there's nothing like it es lo mejor que hay; she's nothing like her mother no se parece en nada a su madre; nothing more than: it's nothing more than a scratch no es más que un rasguño; nothing much: nothing much happened no pasó gran cosa; nothing short of: the consequences would be nothing short of disastrous — las consecuencias no serían ni más ni menos que desastrosas
II
1) ( Math) cero m2) ( worthless thing)['nʌθɪŋ]this is a mere nothing to what they spend on food and drink — esto no es nada comparado con lo que gastan en comida y bebida
1.PRON nada f; (=nought) cero m•
to come to nothing — parar en nada, quedarse en aguas de borraja•
nothing doing! — ¡de ninguna manera!, ¡ni hablar!it is not for nothing that... — no es sin motivo que..., por algo será que...
•
there was nothing for it but to pay — no había más remedio or (LAm) no nos quedaba otra que pagar•
to build up a business from nothing — crear un negocio de la nada•
he is nothing if not careful — es de lo más cauteloso•
there is nothing in the rumours — los rumores no tienen nada de verdadthere's nothing in it — (in race) van muy iguales
•
I could make nothing of what he said — no entendí nada or no pude sacar nada en claro de lo que dijo•
a mere nothing — una nimiedad•
it's nothing more than a rumour — es simplemente un rumor•
nothing much — poco, no mucho•
next to nothing — casi nada•
I'm nothing of a swimmer — yo nado bastante mal•
to have nothing on — (=naked) estar desnudo; (=not busy) estar libre•
it's nothing to be proud of — no es motivo para enorgullecerse•
to say nothing of... — sin mencionar..., amén de...•
to get something for nothing — obtener algo gratis•
there's nothing special about it — no tiene nada de particular•
to stop at nothing — no pararse en barras•
to think nothing of — tener en pocohe thinks nothing of walking 30km — para él no tiene importancia or no es nada recorrer 30km a pie
think nothing of it! — ¡no hay de qué!, ¡no tiene cuidado! (LAm)
all 2., 4), do with, kind 2., 1), like I, 2., 1), next 2., 4), e), short 1., 3), sort 1., 1)•
there's nothing to it! — ¡es facilísimo!See:see cultural note ZERO in zero in on2.ADVless 2.•
it's nothing like him — el retrato no se le parece en nada3.Na mere nothing — una friolera, una bagatela
- whisper sweet nothings to sb* * *
I ['nʌθɪŋ]1) nadait's better than nothing, I suppose — hombre, peor es nada
there's nothing in it: this one may cost a bit more but there's nothing in it really puede que éste cueste algo más pero la diferencia es mínima; there's nothing to it — ( it's easy) es muy fácil; ( it's groundless) no es cierto
2) (in phrases)for nothing: she gave it to me for nothing me lo dio gratis; it was all for nothing todo fue en vano; not for nothing was he called Ivan the Terrible no en vano or no por nada se le llamaba Iván el Terrible; if nothing else al menos, por lo menos; nothing but: she's caused nothing but trouble no ha causado (nada) más que problemas; nothing if not: he's nothing if not reliable es totalmente de fiar; nothing less than: it's nothing less than scandalous es verdaderamente escandaloso; nothing like: there's nothing like a shower to freshen you up no hay (nada) como una ducha para refrescarse; there's nothing like it es lo mejor que hay; she's nothing like her mother no se parece en nada a su madre; nothing more than: it's nothing more than a scratch no es más que un rasguño; nothing much: nothing much happened no pasó gran cosa; nothing short of: the consequences would be nothing short of disastrous — las consecuencias no serían ni más ni menos que desastrosas
II
1) ( Math) cero m2) ( worthless thing)
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